{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T19:40:43Z","timestamp":1785181243829,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,3]],"date-time":"2013-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1370217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Scientific evidence has consistently shown taking valproate during pregnancy increases risks of congenital malformations and cognitive impairment. As such, elimination of its use would be an important step in birth defects prevention. There are guidelines discouraging its use among women with epilepsy, but none exists for women without epilepsy, nor is the prevalence of valproate for nonepilepsy indications known.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using de\u2010identified data from the National Hospital and Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys (1996\u20132007), we examined individual prescriptions for reproductive\u2010age adolescent girls and adult women ages 15 to 44 years in the United States, and estimated the number of antiepileptic drug and valproate prescriptions in the aggregate. We classified our study population using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis codes, as women with epilepsy and women without epilepsy. The prevalence of antiepileptic drug and valproate prescriptions among women without epilepsy was estimated as prescriptions per 1000 patient visits for every 3\u2010year time interval and the overall study period.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found 83% of valproate prescriptions were issued to women without epilepsy and 74% of these were for psychiatric diagnoses. The prevalence of antiepileptic drug prescriptions among women without epilepsy tripled during the study period (10.3 [1996\u20131998] vs. 34.9 [2005\u20132007] per 1000 patient visits), whereas valproate prescriptions remained relatively stable (3.1 [1996\u20131998] vs. 3.7 [2005\u20132007] per 1000 patient visits).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>Most women of reproductive age who receive a valproate prescription do not have epilepsy. Valproate prescriptions did not decline, despite increasing knowledge of its teratogenicity. Reducing valproate use among women of reproductive age, especially among those who use the drug for psychiatric indications, would prevent birth defects and cognitive deficits. <jats:italic>Birth Defects Research (Part A) 97:403\u2013408, 2013<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,3]],"date-time":"2013-06-03T12:01:35Z","timestamp":1370260895000},"page":"403-408","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Valproate prescriptions for nonepilepsy disorders in reproductive\u2010age women"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Demilade A.","family":"Adedinsewo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Emory University Rollins School of Public Health Atlanta Georgia"},{"name":"National Center for HIV\/AIDS Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Thurman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao\u2010Hua","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca S.","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Emory University Rollins School of Public Health Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oluwaseun A.","family":"Odewole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Department of Radiology Emory University Hospital Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Godfrey P.","family":"Oakley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Emory University Rollins School of Public Health Atlanta Georgia"},{"name":"Center for Spina Bifida Research Prevention and Policy, Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2008.144386"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2003.029132"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder (revision)","volume":"159","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)90018-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"565","article-title":"Valproic acid and spina bifida: a preliminary report\u2013France","volume":"31","author":"CDC","year":"1982","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02093.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","unstructured":"FDA Pregnancy Category Definitions (summarized from 21 CFR 201.57). 03\/07\/2011 ed. 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