{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T03:15:54Z","timestamp":1789874154943,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,29]],"date-time":"2013-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1375056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Few studies have examined the potential relationship between air pollution and birth defects. The objective of this study was to investigate whether maternal exposure to particulate matter (PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>) and ozone (O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>) during pregnancy is associated with birth defects among women living throughout North Carolina.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Information on maternal and infant characteristics was obtained from North Carolina birth certificates and health service data (2003\u20132005) and linked with information on birth defects from the North Carolina Birth Defects Monitoring Program. The 24\u2010hr PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> and O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> concentrations were estimated using a hierarchical Bayesian model of air pollution generated by combining modeled air pollution predictions from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Community Multi\u2010Scale Air Quality model with air monitor data from the Environmental Protection Agency's Air Quality System. Maternal residence was geocoded and assigned pollutant concentrations averaged over weeks 3 to 8 of gestation. Binomial regression was performed and adjusted for potential confounders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>No association was observed between either PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> or O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> concentrations and most birth defects. Positive effect estimates were observed between air pollution and microtia\/anotia and lower limb deficiency defects, but the 95% confidence intervals were wide and included the null.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, this study suggested a possible relationship between air pollution concentration during early pregnancy and certain birth defects (e.g., microtia\/anotia, lower limb deficiency defects), although this study did not have the power to detect such an association. The risk for most birth defects does not appear to be affected by ambient air pollution. <jats:italic>Birth Defects Research (Part A) 97:696\u2013701, 2013<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,29]],"date-time":"2013-07-29T13:08:49Z","timestamp":1375103329000},"page":"696-701","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Early prenatal exposure to air pollution and its associations with birth defects in a state\u2010wide birth cohort from North Carolina"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Lisa C.","family":"Vinikoor\u2010Imler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Environmental Assessment (NCEA) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park  North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Allen","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Environmental Assessment (NCEA) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park  North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert E.","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina Birth Defects Monitoring Program State Center for Health Statistics Raleigh North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Luben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Environmental Assessment (NCEA) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park  North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(95)00386-X","article-title":"A United States national reference for fetal growth","volume":"87","author":"Alexander GR","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2012.42"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2011.01.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2009.045997"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwi189"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005408"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11311"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2010.01096.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20650"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/env.984"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","volume-title":"Before we are born. Essentials of embryology and birth defects","author":"Moore KL","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws367"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/155.1.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002946"}],"container-title":["Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fbdra.23159","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/bdra.23159","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T18:56:00Z","timestamp":1696618560000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bdra.23159"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,29]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/bdra.23159"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bdra.23159","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1542-0752","1542-0760"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1542-0752","type":"print"},{"value":"1542-0760","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,29]]}}}