{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T19:21:56Z","timestamp":1779304916840,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,18]],"date-time":"2013-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1382054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Infants with congenital heart defects (CHD) have increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Little is known about racial\/ethnic differences in timing of death during childhood. Our intent was to investigate racial\/ethnic differences in mortality for CHDs during specific time periods in childhood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Texas Birth Defect Registry data were used for a retrospective cohort study with 30,015 singleton infants with a CHD, born January 1, 1999, to December 31, 2007, to non\u2010Hispanic (NH) white, NH\u2010black, or Hispanic women. Texas Birth Defect Registry data were linked to Texas death records to ascertain death. Kaplan\u2013Meier survival probabilities and multivariable Cox\u2010proportional hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>NH\u2010blacks and Hispanics with specific CHDs had increased mortality during the postneonatal period and early childhood. NH\u2010blacks had increased postneonatal mortality compared with NH\u2010whites for transposition of the great arteries (HR\u2009=\u20092.4; 95% CI, 1.5\u20134.0), pulmonary valve atresia without ventricular septal defect (HR\u2009=\u20094.1; 95% CI, 1.7\u20139.7), Ebstein's anomaly (HR\u2009=\u20098.6; 95 CI, 1.2\u201361.1), hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HR\u2009=\u20092.1; 95% CI, 1.2\u20133.7), coarctation of the aorta (HR\u2009=\u20092.1; 95% CI, 1.2\u20133.5), ventricular septal defect (HR\u2009=\u20092.1; 95% CI, 1.6\u22122.8), and atrial septal defect (HR\u2009=\u20091.4; 95% CI, 1.1\u22121.8). Hispanics had increased postneonatal mortality risk for tetralogy of Fallot (HR\u2009=\u20092.0; 95% CI, 1.1\u20133.5). Racial\/ethnic increases in mortality risk were also observed during infancy and childhood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>Racial\/ethnic differences in mortality were most notably observed during the postneonatal period and early childhood. Future studies should assess factors associated with this disparity in mortality risk for infants with CHDs. <jats:italic>Birth Defects Research (Part A) 97:628\u2013640, 2013<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,18]],"date-time":"2013-10-18T15:19:30Z","timestamp":1382109570000},"page":"628-640","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Racial\/ethnic disparities in timing of death during childhood among children with congenital heart defects"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Wendy N.","family":"Nembhard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health University of South Florida Tampa Florida"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and 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