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Thus, the clinical presentation and histological lesions have evolved over time, along with the reduction in neonatal injuries, and the care of more immature children. Impaired alveolar growth, however, is a lesion consistently observed in BPD, such that it is a key feature in BPD, and is even the dominant characteristic of the so\u2010called \u201cnew\u201d forms of BPD. This review describes the key molecular pathways that are believed to be involved in the genesis of BPD. 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