{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T12:57:53Z","timestamp":1788872273936,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,15]],"date-time":"2014-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1408060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5U01DD000492 and 1 U01DD001035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5U01DD000492 and 1 U01DD001035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Adverse associations between maternal pesticide exposure and neural tube defects (NTDs) have been suggested but not consistently observed. This study used data from the multisite National Birth Defects Prevention Study to examine associations between maternal periconceptional (1 month preconception through 2 months postconception) occupational pesticide exposure and NTDs. Methods: Mothers of 502 NTD cases and 2950 unaffected live\u2010born control infants with estimated delivery dates from 1997 through 2002 were included. Duration, categorical intensity scores, and categorical frequency scores for pesticide classes (e.g., insecticides) were assigned using a modified, literature\u2010based job\u2010exposure matrix and maternal\u2010reported occupational histories. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals were estimated based on fitted multivariable logistic regression models that described associations between maternal periconceptional occupational pesticide exposure and NTDs. The aORs were estimated for pesticide exposure (any [yes\/no] and cumulative exposure [intensity \u00d7 frequency \u00d7 duration] to any pesticide class, each pesticide class, or combination of pesticide classes) and all NTD cases combined and NTD subtypes. Results: Positive, but marginally significant or nonsignificant, aORs were observed for exposure to insecticides\u2009+\u2009herbicides for all NTD cases combined and for spina bifida alone. Similarly, positive aORs were observed for any exposure and cumulative exposure to insecticides + herbicides + fungicides and anencephaly alone and encephalocele alone. All other aORs were near unity. Conclusion: Pesticide exposure associations varied by NTD subtype and pesticide class. Several aORs were increased, but not significantly. Future work should continue to examine associations between pesticide classes and NTD subtypes using a detailed occupational pesticide exposure assessment and examine pesticide exposures outside the workplace. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 100:877\u2013886, 2014. \u00a9 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,15]],"date-time":"2014-08-15T10:21:55Z","timestamp":1408098115000},"page":"877-886","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Maternal periconceptional occupational pesticide exposure and neural tube defects"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Makelarski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology The University of Iowa Iowa City Iowa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Romitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology The University of Iowa Iowa City Iowa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carissa M.","family":"Rocheleau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cincinnati Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trudy L.","family":"Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology The University of Iowa Iowa City Iowa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia A.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stewart Exposure Assessments, LLC Arlington Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha A.","family":"Waters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cincinnati Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina C.","family":"Lawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cincinnati Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin M.","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Environmental Health Sciences and Epidemiology The University at Albany, State University of New York Albany New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shao","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Health New York State Department of Health Albany New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary M.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Stanford University Stanford California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard S.","family":"Olney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the National Birth Defects Prevention Study","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.85.1.1","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus during pregnancy and the risks for specific birth defects: a population\u2010based case\u2010control study","volume":"85","author":"Becerra JE","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2009.048132"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003335490512000108"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.53.2.80"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","volume-title":"British Paediatric Association classification of diseases: successor to the Cardiff Diagnostic Classification: a paediatric supplement compatible with the ninth revision of the WHO international classification of diseases","author":"BPA","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2009.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"362","article-title":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 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