{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T08:58:14Z","timestamp":1776761894649,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,26]],"date-time":"2015-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Aluminum (Al) is the third most common element in the earth' s crust and has been reported to be teratogenic. However, there is lack of understanding about the association between maternal aluminum exposure and the risks of birth defects such as congenital heart defects (CHDs).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A multi\u2010center, hospital\u2010based case\u2013control study was performed at four maternal and child tertiary hospitals in China. A total of 223 cases with CHDs and 223 controls without any abnormalities were recruited according to the inclusion and matching criteria. Hair samples were prepared and measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP\u2010MS). The correlation between CHDs and maternal aluminum concentrations was estimated by a 1:1 conditional logistic regression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The geometric mean and median of hair aluminum levels in isolated or multiple CHD cases was significantly higher than in controls (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). A significant association was found between increased hair aluminum concentrations and the risk of total CHDs in offspring (adjusted odds ration [aOR], 2.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.72\u20133.13), especially in some subtypes of CHDs, such as septal defects (aOR, 2.17; 95% CI, 1.15\u20134.10), conotruncal defects (aOR, 5.42; 95%CI, 2.43\u201312.10), and right ventricular outflow track obstruction (aOR, 2.43; 95% CI, 1.08\u20135.44). However, there was no statistically significant association with left ventricular outflow track obstruction (aOR, 1.66; 95% CI, 0.95\u20132.88).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>A high maternal aluminum concentration may significantly increase the risk of delivering a child with a CHD, such as a septal defect, conotruncal heart defect and right\u2010side obstruction. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:95\u2013103, 2016. \u00a9 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,26]],"date-time":"2015-12-26T13:34:43Z","timestamp":1451136883000},"page":"95-103","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Association between maternal aluminum exposure and the risk of congenital heart defects in offspring"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Zhen","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Birth Defect Monitoring, West China Second University Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Obstetric &amp; Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 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