{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T16:01:46Z","timestamp":1790524906090,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,11]],"date-time":"2016-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1457654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Internship\/Research Participation Program at Office of Research and Development (National Center for Environmental Assessment)"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000139","name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"EPA","award":["T32ES007018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32ES007018"]}]},{"name":"EPA","award":["P30ES010126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30ES010126"]}]},{"name":"EPA","award":["R01ES020619"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01ES020619"]}]},{"name":"National Birth Defect Prevention Study CDC funds"},{"name":"NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program","award":["0646083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0646083"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Birth defects are responsible for a large proportion of disability and infant mortality. Exposure to a variety of pesticides have been linked to increased risk of birth defects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a case\u2013control study to estimate the associations between a residence\u2010based metric of agricultural pesticide exposure and birth defects. We linked singleton live birth records for 2003 to 2005 from the North Carolina (NC) State Center for Health Statistics to data from the NC Birth Defects Monitoring Program. Included women had residence at delivery inside NC and infants with gestational ages from 20 to 44 weeks (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009304,906). Pesticide exposure was assigned using a previously constructed metric, estimating total chemical exposure (pounds of active ingredient) based on crops within 500 meters of maternal residence, specific dates of pregnancy, and chemical application dates based on the planting\/harvesting dates of each crop. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals for four categories of exposure (&lt;10<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>, 10\u201350<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>, 50\u201390<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>, and &gt;90<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> percentiles) compared with unexposed. Models were adjusted for maternal race, age at delivery, education, marital status, and smoking status.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We observed elevated ORs for congenital heart defects and certain structural defects affecting the gastrointestinal, genitourinary and musculoskeletal systems (e.g., OR [95% confidence interval] [highest exposure vs. unexposed] for tracheal esophageal fistula\/esophageal atresia\u2009=\u20091.98 [0.69, 5.66], and OR for atrial septal defects: 1.70 [1.34, 2.14]).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results provide some evidence of associations between residential exposure to agricultural pesticides and several birth defects phenotypes. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:240\u2013249, 2016. \u00a9 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,12]],"date-time":"2016-03-12T19:59:22Z","timestamp":1457812762000},"page":"240-249","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Maternal residential exposure to agricultural pesticides and birth defects in a 2003 to 2005 North Carolina birth cohort"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Kristen M.","family":"Rappazzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua L.","family":"Warren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics New Haven Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert E.","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services Raleigh North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy H.","family":"Herring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Biostatistics Chapel Hill North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison P.","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naomi C.","family":"Brownstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine College of Medicine, Florida State University Tallahassee Florida"},{"name":"Department of Statistics Florida State University Tallahassee Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Luben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.08.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.35815"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2009.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2012.42"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003335491112600209"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6259"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"217","article-title":"Pesticide exposures to children from California's Central Valley: results of a pilot study","volume":"7","author":"Bradman MA","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-1429"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12123"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.08.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","unstructured":"CDC.2014.Facts about birth defects. 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