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Two expert industrial hygienists estimated exposure intensity and frequency to insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for exposure to any pesticide and to any class of pesticide (yes\/no; and by median), and exposure to combinations of pesticides (yes\/no) and risk of spina bifida. Adjusted odds ratios were also estimated by parent exposed to pesticides (neither, mother only, father only, both parents).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Joint parental occupational pesticide exposure was positively associated with spina bifida (aOR, 1.5; 95% CI, 0.9\u20132.4) when compared with infants with neither maternal nor paternal exposures; a similar association was not observed when only one parent was exposed. There was a suggested positive association between combined paternal insecticide and fungicide exposures and spina bifida (aOR, 1.5; 95% CI, 0.8\u20132.8), however, nearly all other aORs were close to unity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, there was little evidence paternal occupational pesticide exposure was associated with spina bifida. However, the small numbers make it difficult to precisely evaluate the role of pesticide classes, individually and in combination. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:963\u2013971, 2016. \u00a9 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,28]],"date-time":"2016-11-28T05:15:28Z","timestamp":1480310128000},"page":"963-971","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Paternal and joint parental occupational pesticide exposure and spina bifida in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997 to 2002"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Stacy M.","family":"Pettigrew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics The University at Albany, State University of New York Rensselaer New York"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences The University at Albany, State University of New York Rensselaer New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin 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