{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T10:19:17Z","timestamp":1783937957739,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,11]],"date-time":"2016-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470873600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pharmaceutical pregnancy exposure registries seek to evaluate temporal associations between drug exposures and adverse outcomes, particularly congenital anomalies. These registries record observed associations that may or may not be causally\u2010related to the exposure. Most major congenital malformations (i.e., structural birth defects) result from abnormal development during embryogenesis. A standardized catalog of defects of concern (colloquially the \u201cBPA Codes\u201d) is used both in public health surveillance programs and pregnancy exposure registries. There are, however, some anomalies that cause significant morbidity and mortality for which isolated second or third trimester exposures may be pathogenically significant. There currently exists no standardized list of defects for which exposure limited to the fetal period may be problematic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The six\u2010digit\u2010code list was used to determine anomalies that might result from medication exposures limited to the fetal period.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Defects with documented first trimester pathogenesis (e.g., anencephaly, heterotaxy) were eliminated from consideration, as were chromosomal and single gene disorders (e.g., trisomy 21, achondroplasia). The remaining defects include the following: (1) those that are known to or could reasonably originate or manifest after the embryonic period (e.g., porencephaly, cataracts); (2) those for which pathogenesis is unclear or variable enough that exposure at any gestational age might be considered relevant (e.g., club foot, microcephaly); and (3) those that include some component of abnormal growth (e.g., hemihyperplasia). \u201cUnspecified\u201d defects (e.g., \u201cabnormality of the leg\u201d) were included by default because there is insufficient information to assume first trimester embryogenesis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The final result is a list of major and minor anomalies in 11 organ system categories that may be caused by teratogen exposure during the fetal period. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:935\u2013939, 2016. \u00a9 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,11]],"date-time":"2016-08-11T09:33:26Z","timestamp":1470908006000},"page":"935-939","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Birth defects and neonatal morbidity caused by teratogen exposure after the embryonic period"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Angela E.","family":"Scheuerle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur S.","family":"Aylsworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","volume-title":"Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry International Interim Report for 1 January 1989 through 31 January 2016","author":"Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry Steering Committee","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","unstructured":"British Paediatric Association (BPA).1979.Classification of Diseases (1979) and the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases 9thRevision Clinical Modification(ICD\u20109\u2010CM)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"184","article-title":"Fetal cerebral cortex: normal gestational landmarks identified using prenatal MR imaging","volume":"22","author":"Carel C","year":"2001","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program: 40th anniversary edition surveillance report. 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