{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T20:42:15Z","timestamp":1788381735287,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,15]],"date-time":"2017-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1489536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Parvovirus B19 infects 1 to 5% of pregnant women, generally with normal pregnancy outcomes. During epidemics, the rate of infection is higher. Major congenital anomalies among offspring of infected mothers are rare, as the virus does not appear to be a significant teratogen. However, parvovirus B19 infection may cause significant fetal damage, and in rare cases, brain anomalies and neurodevelopmental insults, especially if infection occurs in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy. Parvovirus B19 is also an important cause of fetal loss, especially in the second half of pregnancy when spontaneous fetal loss from other causes is relatively rare. Parvovirus B19 infection may affect many fetal organs and can cause severe anemia, following fetal erythroid progenitor cells infection and apoptosis, especially in fetuses, that have shortened half\u2010life of erythrocytes. Severe anemia may cause high output cardiac failure and nonimmune hydrops fetalis. In addition, parvovirus B19 may directly infect myocardial cells and produce myocarditis that further aggravates the cardiac failure. Intrauterine fetal transfusion is commonly used for the treatment of severe fetal anemia with survival rates of 75 to 90% and significant reduction of fetal morbidity. Only 66 cases were evaluated neurodevelopmentally, of which 10 (16%) had slight or severe neurodevelopmental problems. Because parvovirus B19 infection can cause severe fetal morbidity and mortality, it should be part of the routine work\u2010up of pregnant women who have been exposed to the virus or of pregnancies with suspected fetal hydrops. Assessment for maternal infection during pregnancy is especially important during epidemics, when sero\u2010conversion rates are high. Birth Defects Research 109:311\u2013323, 2017. \u00a9 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,15]],"date-time":"2017-03-15T08:05:29Z","timestamp":1489565129000},"page":"311-323","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["Parvovirus B19 infection during pregnancy and risks to the fetus"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Asher","family":"Ornoy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Teratology, Department of Medical Neurobiology Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School Jerusalem Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zivanit","family":"Ergaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Teratology, Department of Medical Neurobiology Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School Jerusalem Israel"},{"name":"Department of Neonatology Hadassah University Hospital Mount Scopus Jerusalem Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000466430.19823.53"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.24.4.522-526.1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)90370-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400060964"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/368382"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)05905-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"Survey of parvovirus B19 infection in a cohort of pregnant women in Belem, Brazil","volume":"3","author":"Freitas R","year":"1999","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/jmf.13.6.381.384"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.07.080"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(87)90296-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)90011-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000314024"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.06.062"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.395"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0560.2002.291006.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.27.12.2647-2651.1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-25-2-151"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(75)91074-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6095448"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.11121"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(15)30390-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","first-page":"204 e201","article-title":"Intrauterine transfusion for parvovirus B19 infection: long\u2010term neurodevelopmental outcome","volume":"206","author":"Jong EP","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-0528.2002.02118.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","first-page":"155","article-title":"[Perinatal infections of B19 Parvoviruses]","author":"Domenico C","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ig Sanita Pubbl"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.940"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890350207"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2005.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s007050170203"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-010-9803-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1026231"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2011.04.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(03)00120-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.3.1974-1979.1999","article-title":"Generation of neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies against parvovirus B19 proteins","volume":"73","author":"Gigler A","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14767050701580960"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/171.5.1360"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","first-page":"36","article-title":"Human B19 parvovirus infection in an obstetric population. 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