{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T18:25:53Z","timestamp":1792520753928,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,22]],"date-time":"2004-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1103673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research Pt B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ochratoxin A (OA) and Aflatoxin B<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> (AFB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>), the food borne mycotoxins are produced by several fungal species of the genera <jats:italic>Aspergillus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Penicillium<\/jats:italic>. To determine the teratogenic effects, these mycotoxins were administered orally either individually or in combination to the pregnant Wistar rats on days 6\u201315 of gestation. OA and AFB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> were dissolved in corn oil and different doses of OA (0.125, 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mg\/kg), AFB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> (0.125, 0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 mg\/kg), and a combination of OA+AFB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> (0.125+0.125; 0.25+0.50; 0.50+0.25 mg\/kg) were given by gastric intubation to rats. During dosing period, the body weight and body weight gains significantly decreased at a higher dosage, in both individual and combined treatments. In all the combination treatments, the percent implants resorbed, fetal body weights, and crown\u2010rump lengths were comparable to those of controls and with the individual mycotoxin treatment. The number of dead fetuses was significantly increased in the high OA combination (OA+AFB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> 0.50+0.25) group as compared with the other two combinations. OA and AFB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> alone and in combination caused various gross, skeletal, and visceral anomalies. The occurrence was considerably less pronounced in fetuses of AFB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> and combination groups as compared with those of OA group fetuses. The exencephaly, incomplete closure of skull, wavy and fused ribs, agenesis of the ischium bone, and enlarged renal pelvis, recorded in OA treatment and ear abnormality and incomplete ossification of skull bones observed in AFB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> when given individually, were not seen in combination groups. However, new manifestations, such as gastroschisis and syndactyly were observed and the incidence of cardiac defects was increased in fetuses due to the combined treatment. The results of the present study indicated that there is some interaction between these mycotoxins that resulted in reduced teratogenic activity of OA in the presence of AFB<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>. Apparently, new manifestations observed in combination treatment points to the potential threat of teratogenicity in terms of public health hazards. <jats:italic>Birth Defects Res B<\/jats:italic> 71:343\u2013351, 2004. \u00a9 2004 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.20021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,22]],"date-time":"2004-12-22T21:22:50Z","timestamp":1103750570000},"page":"343-351","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Effect in rats of simultaneous prenatal exposure to ochratoxin A and aflatoxin B<sub>1<\/sub>. I. Maternal toxicity and fetal malformations"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"P.B.","family":"Wangikar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Dwivedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neeraj","family":"Sinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1263(199901\/02)19:1<7::AID-JAT529>3.0.CO;2-G"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01103055"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(83)90141-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","unstructured":"AroraRG.1982.Mycotoxin induced effects on the prenatal development in mice: a teratopathologic and autoradiographic study of aflatoxin B1 ochratoxin A and zearalenone. 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