{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T02:44:30Z","timestamp":1776393870433,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,12]],"date-time":"2007-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1197417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research Pt B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:bold> Chromium(III) is generally thought to be an essential trace element that allows for proper glucose metabolism. However, chromium(III) picolinate, Cr(pic)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, a popular dietary supplement form of chromium, has been shown to be capable of generating hydroxyl radicals and oxidative DNA damage in rats. The cation [Cr<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>O(O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>CCH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>CH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>)<jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>(H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>]<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, Cr3, has been studied as an alternative supplemental source of chromium. It has been shown to increase insulin sensitivity and lower glycated hemoglobin levels in rats, making it attractive as a potential therapeutic treatment for gestational diabetes. To date, no studies have been published regarding the safety of Cr3 supplementation to a developing fetus. <jats:bold>METHODS:<\/jats:bold> From gestation days (GD) 6\u201317, mated CD\u20101 female mice were fed diets delivering either 25\u2009mg Cr\/kg\/day as Cr(pic)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, 3.3 or 26\u2009mg Cr\/kg\/day as Cr3, or the diet only to determine if Cr3 could cause developmental toxicity. Dams were sacrificed on GD 17, and their litters were examined for adverse effects. <jats:bold>RESULTS:<\/jats:bold> No signs of maternal toxicity were observed. No decrease in fetal weight or significantly increased incidence of skeletal defects was observed in the Cr3 or Cr(pic)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> exposed fetuses compared to the controls. <jats:bold>CONCLUSION:<\/jats:bold> Maternal exposure to either Cr(pic)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> or Cr3 at the dosages employed did not appear to cause deleterious effects to the developing offspring in mice. <jats:italic>Birth Defects Res (Part B)<\/jats:italic>, 80:1\u20135, 2007. \u00a9 2007 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.20140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,12]],"date-time":"2007-12-12T22:46:51Z","timestamp":1197499611000},"page":"27-31","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Comparison of the potential for developmental toxicity of prenatal exposure to two dietary chromium supplements, chromium picolinate and [Cr<sub>3<\/sub>O(O<sub>2<\/sub>CCH<sub>2<\/sub>CH<sub>3<\/sub>)<sub>6<\/sub>(H<sub>2<\/sub>O)<sub>3<\/sub>]<sup>+<\/sup>, in mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"M.M.","family":"Bailey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Sturdivant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.L.","family":"Jernigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.B.","family":"Townsend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Bushman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Ankareddi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.F.","family":"Rasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.D.","family":"Hood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.B.","family":"Vincent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(92)90318-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(83)90203-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/54.5.909","article-title":"Supplemental\u2010chromium effects on glucose, insulin, glucagon, and urinary chromium losses in subjects consuming controlled low\u2010chromium diets","volume":"54","author":"Anderson R","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(02)00378-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.20081"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-5387(99)00208-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Absorption of the biomimetic chromium cation triaqua\u2010m3\u2010oxo\u2010m\u2010hexapropionatotrichromium(III) in rats","volume":"97","author":"Clodfelder B","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00775-004-0618-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi963154t"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ic970568h"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/tx0000116"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/j19660001656"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(66)90111-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2005.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/24.11.1313","article-title":"Effect of chromium on glucose utilization in marasmic protein\u2010calorie nutrition","volume":"24","author":"Gurson C","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","first-page":"84","article-title":"Tissue and subcellular distribution of chromium picolinate with time after entering the bloodstream","volume":"94","author":"Hepburn D","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Bioinorg Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/21.3.203","article-title":"Improvement of impaired carbogydrate metabolism by chromium(III) in sensitizing infants","volume":"21","author":"Hopkins LJ","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-670X(1999)12:2<91::AID-JTRA6>3.0.CO;2-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/tx980229g"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/41.10.1544","article-title":"Increased urine chromium excretion in normal pregnancy","volume":"41","author":"Morris B","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clinical Chemistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/60.2.196"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"The effects of chromium picolinate on serum cholesterol and apolipoprotein fractions in human subjects","volume":"152","author":"Press R","year":"1990","journal-title":"West J Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2004.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2005.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/tx9900167"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-5387(99)00166-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.9.15.8529845"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.9.15.8529846"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5718(01)00301-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/tx970135r"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s007750050357"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00775-002-0366-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ic00068a007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ar990073r"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2000.tb01841.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-5387(00)00624-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS2003315"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10520299409106284"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2005.05.003"}],"container-title":["Birth Defects Research Part B: Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fbdrb.20140","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/bdrb.20140","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T18:54:42Z","timestamp":1699988082000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bdrb.20140"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,12]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/bdrb.20140"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bdrb.20140","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1542-9733","1542-9741"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1542-9733","type":"print"},{"value":"1542-9741","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,12]]}}}