{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T12:04:36Z","timestamp":1788523476926,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,19]],"date-time":"2011-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1295395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research Pt B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:bold> Previous published experiments reported that in vitro exposure of postimplantation rat embryos to the triazole fungicide triadimefon (FON) resulted in specific abnormalities at the branchial apparatus and that the sensitive period is restricted to the first 24\u2009hr of culture and is associated with the abnormal expression of TGF family genes (some of a large panel of genes regulated by retinoic acid (RA) and involved in branchial arch morphogenesis). The aim of this study is the determination of the sensitive window to FON\u2010induced abnormalities during in vitro development and the evaluation of the expression of some genes controlled by RA and involved in early branchial arch morphogenesis (Gsc, Msx1, Msx2, Dlx1, Dlx2, Shh, Patched (the main Shh receptor)). <jats:bold>METHODS:<\/jats:bold> Rat embryos were exposed in vitro to the FON under condition known to be able to induce 100% of abnormal embryos (250\u2009 \u00b5 M) at different stages and examined after 48\u2009hr of culture. The sensitive window for FON\u2010induced abnormalities was during the hours E9 h8.00 PM\u2013E10 h8.00 AM. To evaluate the expression of selected genes, embryos exposed during the sensitive stages were processed to perform quantitative PCR after 18 and 24\u2009hr of culture. <jats:bold>RESULTS:<\/jats:bold> FON was able to affect the expression of some genes in a stage\u2010specific manner: earlier embryos were characterized by the downregulation of Msx2 and Gsc, later embryos showed the downregulation of Gsc, Shh, and Patched. The obtained data suggest that FON\u2010induced abnormalities are mediated, at least in part, through the imbalance of the expression of RA\u2010related signals. <jats:italic>Birth Defects Res (Part B)<\/jats:italic> 92:77\u201081, 2011. \u2003\u00a9 2011 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.20284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,19]],"date-time":"2011-01-19T21:22:28Z","timestamp":1295472148000},"page":"77-81","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Early genetic control of craniofacial development is affected by the in vitro exposure of rat embryos to the fungicide triadimefon"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Di Renzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariangela","family":"Prati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erminio","family":"Giavini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Menegola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(00)80052-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004290050039"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2007.07.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2008.09.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0177(199705)209:1<70::AID-AJA7>3.0.CO;2-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.117.2.769","article-title":"Expression of the mouse goosecoid gene during mid\u2010embryogenesis may mark mesenchymal cell lineages in the developing head, limbs and body wall","volume":"117","author":"Gaunt SJ","year":"1993","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02631093"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1997.8589"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2007.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1290\/1071-2690(2000)036<0088:IVTPOT>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6238(01)00143-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.10022"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2003.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2005.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.20035"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2005.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2006.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","first-page":"619","article-title":"Multiple functions of Dlx genes","volume":"44","author":"Merlo GR","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Dev Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.1978.tb00993.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.modgep.2006.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3005","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.121.9.3005","article-title":"Goosecoid is not an essential component of the mouse gastrula organizer but is required for craniofacial and rib development","volume":"121","author":"Rivera\u2010P\u00e9rez JA","year":"1995","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2755","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.128.14.2755","article-title":"Local retinoid signaling coordinates forebrain and facial morphogenesis by maintaining FGF8 and SHH","volume":"128","author":"Schneider RA","year":"2001","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","first-page":"683","article-title":"Specification of neural crest cell formation and migration in mouse embryos","volume":"16","author":"Trainor PA.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","unstructured":"Vanden BosscheH LauwersW WillemsensG et al. 1984.The molecular basis for the antifungal activities of N\u2010substituted azole derivatives. 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