{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T08:37:26Z","timestamp":1791275846549,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":234,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,2]],"date-time":"2011-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1299024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research Pt B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A risk analysis of in utero caffeine exposure is presented utilizing epidemiological studies and animal studies dealing with congenital malformation, pregnancy loss, and weight reduction. These effects are of interest to teratologists, because animal studies are useful in their evaluation. Many of the epidemiology studies did not evaluate the impact of the \u201cpregnancy signal,\u201d which identifies healthy pregnancies and permits investigators to identify subjects with low pregnancy risks. The spontaneous abortion epidemiology studies were inconsistent and the majority did not consider the confounding introduced by not considering the pregnancy signal. The animal studies do not support the concept that caffeine is an abortafacient for the wide range of human caffeine exposures. Almost all the congenital malformation epidemiology studies were negative. Animal pharmacokinetic studies indicate that the teratogenic plasma level of caffeine has to reach or exceed 60\u2009\u00b5g\/ml, which is not attainable from ingesting large amounts of caffeine in foods and beverages. No epidemiological study described the \u201ccaffeine teratogenic syndrome.\u201d Six of the 17 recent epidemiology studies dealing with the risk of caffeine and fetal weight reduction were negative. Seven of the positive studies had growth reductions that were clinically insignificant and none of the studies cited the animal literature. Analysis of caffeine's reproductive toxicity considers reproducibility and plausibility of clinical, epidemiological, and animal data. Moderate or even high amounts of beverages and foods containing caffeine do not increase the risks of congenital malformations, miscarriage or growth retardation. Pharmacokinetic studies markedly improve the ability to perform the risk analyses.<jats:italic>Birth Defects Res (Part B)<\/jats:italic>92:152\u2013187, 2011. \u00a9 2011 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.20288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,5]],"date-time":"2011-03-05T21:21:35Z","timestamp":1299360095000},"page":"152-187","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":122,"title":["Evaluation of the reproductive and developmental risks of caffeine"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Robert L.","family":"Brent","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mildred S.","family":"Christian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert M.","family":"Diener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"1091","article-title":"Methodological issues for the assessment of clusters of adverse pregnancy outcomes in the workplace: the cause of video display terminal users","volume":"33","author":"Abenhaim L","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Occup Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4274(80)90087-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200008000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020222700909"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.19.7772"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2004.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.93101s233"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/ejpn.2001.0497"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28792"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"57","article-title":"The effect of smoking and caffeine on the fetus and placenta in pregnancy","volume":"30","author":"Balat O","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(87)80301-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39062.520648.BE"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","first-page":"615","volume-title":"Clinics in perinatology","author":"Beckman DB","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","first-page":"1007","volume-title":"Handbook of human toxicology","author":"Beckman DB","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"73","article-title":"Chromosomal errors and reproductive failure","author":"Bernirschke K","year":"1974","journal-title":"Basic Life Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","first-page":"2199","article-title":"On the systematic and specific teratogenic effect of caffeine in rodents","volume":"159","author":"Bertrand M","year":"1965","journal-title":"C R Soc Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","first-page":"1488","article-title":"Ectrodactyly caused by caffeine in rodents. Role of specific and genetic factors","volume":"164","author":"Bertrand M","year":"1970","journal-title":"C R Seances Soc Biol Fil"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-006-9099-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2007.08.092"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","first-page":"266","article-title":"Consequences of in utero caffeine exposure on respiratory output in normoxic and hypoxic conditions and related changes of Fos expression: a study on brainstem\u2010spinal cord preparations isolated from newborn rats","volume":"53","author":"Bodineau L","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004032-200307000-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","first-page":"279","article-title":"Coffee, risk factor during pregnancy","volume":"97","author":"Borlee I","year":"1978","journal-title":"Louvain Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420120103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.2003.97.1.259"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114508939842"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf220"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","first-page":"211","volume-title":"Prevention of embryonic, fetal and perinatal disease","author":"Brent RL","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420170212"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","first-page":"191","volume-title":"Prevention of physical and mental congenital defects part c: basic and medical science, education and future strategies","author":"Brent RL","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","first-page":"615","volume-title":"The law and congenital malformations","author":"Brent RL","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","first-page":"609","volume-title":"Clinics in perinatology","author":"Brent RL","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420490302"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0890-6238(95)00020-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","first-page":"130","volume-title":"Research monograph series 149: medications development for the treatment of pregnant addicts and their infants","author":"Brent RL","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","first-page":"373","volume-title":"Modern scientific evidence: the law and science of expert testimony","author":"Brent RL","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BrentRL.1999.The utilization of developmental basic science principles in the evaluation of reproductive risks from pre\u2010 and postconception environmental radiation exposures. Teratology 59:182\u2013204. Paper presented at the Thirty\u2010Third Annual Meeting of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements The Effects of Pre\u2010 and Postconception Exposure to Radiation April 2\u20133 1997 Arlington Virginia.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9926(199904)59:4<182::AID-TERA2>3.0.CO;2-H"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.10021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","first-page":"357","volume-title":"Pediatric supplement: vulnerability, sensitivity and resiliency of infants","author":"Brent RL","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20184"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HP.0000282111.66056.c2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","first-page":"61","volume-title":"Progress in obstetrics and gynecology 18","author":"Brent RL","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","first-page":"367","volume-title":"Radiation risks to the developing nervous system","author":"Brent RL","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","first-page":"123","article-title":"Environmental teratogens","volume":"66","author":"Brent RL","year":"1990","journal-title":"Bull N Y Acad Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420380308"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000208476.36988.44"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20365"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/0960327102ht224oa"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6238(02)00097-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/0960327104ht439oa"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","first-page":"91","article-title":"The effects of short\u2010time caffeine administration on skeleton development in Wistar rats","volume":"59","author":"Burdan F","year":"2000","journal-title":"Folia Morphol (Warsz)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/096032701718620873"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-5816-6_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","first-page":"1244","article-title":"Adenosine 3\u2032,5\u2032\u2010phosphate in biological materials. I. Purification and properties of cyclic 3\u2032,5\u2032nucleotide phosphodiesterase and use of this enzyme to characterize adenosine 3\u2032,5\u2010phosphate in human urine","volume":"237","author":"Butcher RW","year":"1962","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-199608000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.10048"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9926(199904)59:4<210::AID-TERA4>3.0.CO;2-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a2332"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20533"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","first-page":"53","article-title":"Multiple effects of theobromine on fetus development and postnatal status of the immune system","volume":"26","author":"Chorostowska\u2010Wynimko J","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Tissue React"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1047"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/155.5.429"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e3180a725b1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200012213432503"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20600"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","unstructured":"CollinsTFX WelshJJ BlackTN RugglesDI. 1981.Teratogenic potential of caffeine in rats. In: Alternative dietary practices and nutritional abuses in pregnancy. Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington DC: National Academy Press. p 97\u2013107."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(83)90211-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(95)00140-E"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1373.1999.d01-17.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","unstructured":"Committee on Toxicity.2001. COT statement on the reproductive effects of caffeine. London: Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food Consumer Products and the Environment 2001 http:\/\/cot.food.gov.uk\/cotstatements\/cotstatementsyrs\/cotsatemnt0s2001\/caffeine"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.313.7069.1358"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2007.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.fpc.0000167326.00411.50"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e318156e425"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J029v17n02_03"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036093"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007691-199912000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(82)90041-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_81_1","first-page":"BR168","article-title":"High dose caffeine administered to pregnant rats causes histopathological changes in the cornea of newborn pups","volume":"9","author":"Evereklioglu C","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2004.00331.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003591577406700513"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.81.4.458"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009477"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_86_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Caffeine and pregnancy","volume":"10","author":"Food and Drug Administration (FDA)","year":"1980","journal-title":"FDA Drug Bull"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_87_1","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration (FDA).1986. See Johnson CB Shibko SI Taylor JM.Caffeine. Review of toxicological studies 1980\u2010present (September 1986) FDA Review."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(98)00021-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(72)90252-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2006.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2006.00703.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3016.2003.00523.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8628(20000731)93:3<253::AID-AJMG19>3.0.CO;2-Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0340495"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(91)90197-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/faat.1994.1006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)24101-5","article-title":"Adverse pregnancy outcome in the monkey (Macaca fasicularis) after chronic caffeine exposure","volume":"245","author":"Gilbert SG","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pharmacol Exp Therap"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-010-9443-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_99_1","first-page":"35","article-title":"Congenital cataract following German measles in he mother","volume":"3","author":"Gregg NM","year":"1941","journal-title":"Trans Ophthalmol Soc Aust"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200107000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj125"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_102_1","first-page":"11, 366","volume-title":"Birth defects and drugs in pregnancy","author":"Heinonen OP","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-48949-5_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.2.152"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-005-0293-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2007.00825.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2550020609"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_108_1","first-page":"151","article-title":"Caffeine and human reproduction","volume":"5","author":"James JE","year":"1985","journal-title":"Rev Environ Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/rvsc.2000.0381"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/rvsc.2000.0446"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp040"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(99)00211-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00329132"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2006.03.059"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1389.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563658408992578"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14767050310001650716"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(97)00125-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199911253412202"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/155.1.32"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_121_1","first-page":"149","article-title":"Environmental causes of aneuploidy: why so elusive?","volume":"36","author":"Kline J","year":"1985","journal-title":"Basic Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_122_1","volume-title":"Human embryonic and fetal death","author":"Kline J","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.7.1746"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_124_1","first-page":"415","article-title":"Zur pranatalen toxiziat von diphenylpyralin\u20108\u2010chlortheophyllinat unterberuck\u2010sichtgung von erfahrungen mit thalidomide und cafffein","volume":"14","author":"Knoche C","year":"1964","journal-title":"Arzeimittelforschung"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0940-2993(99)80019-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(70)90484-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.73.12.1397"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(02)01019-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2004.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2002.01008.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2004.11.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2005.03211.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_133_1","first-page":"209","volume-title":"Caffein und anderemethylxanthine","author":"Leuschner F","year":"1969"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(02)00092-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200201000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_136_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198201213060304"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_137_1","first-page":"163","article-title":"Receptor\u2010mediated stimulation and inhibition of adenylate cyclases: the fat cell as a model system","volume":"14","author":"Londos C","year":"1981","journal-title":"Adv Cyclic Nucleotide Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_138_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4320(99)00084-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_139_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2006.00723.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_140_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-9926(200011)62:5<325::AID-TERA6>3.0.CO;2-H"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_141_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2006.01193.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_142_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114718"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_143_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199312000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_144_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320280548"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_145_1","first-page":"1018","article-title":"Kaffee und alkoholkonsum,risikofaktoren in der schwangerschaft","volume":"34","author":"Mau G","year":"1974","journal-title":"Geburtsh Frauenheilkd"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_146_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03190376"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_147_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-994095"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_148_1","first-page":"56","article-title":"Parvovirus B19 infection and pregnancy","volume":"34","author":"Mead PB","year":"1989","journal-title":"Contemp Ob Gyn"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_149_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2008.00976.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_150_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.91469.2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_151_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1262\/jrd.49.507"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_152_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm311"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_153_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)91012-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_154_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(86)90653-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_155_1","first-page":"265","article-title":"Reproductive and teratologic riska of caffeine","volume":"167","author":"Nash JE","year":"1988","journal-title":"Anat Anz Jena"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_156_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/bjom.1999.0133"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_157_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0265203021000007840"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_158_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9926(199904)59:4<216::AID-TERA5>3.0.CO;2-O"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_159_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ge.24.120190.001551"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_160_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1994.10718366"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_161_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5748.523"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_162_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-104-25757"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_163_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(81)90421-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_164_1","first-page":"305","volume-title":"Issues and reviews in teratology","author":"Nolen GA","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_165_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2003.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_166_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpo.2950190603"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_167_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1991.tb11812.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_168_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/13.3.347"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_169_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199109000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_170_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(03)00402-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_171_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(78)90279-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_172_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602052"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_173_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.45.2.159"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_174_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1997.58.08.881","article-title":"Comparative pharmacokinetics of caffeine and three metabolites in clinically normal horses and donkeys","volume":"58","author":"Peck K","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_175_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.06.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_176_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-001-0527-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_177_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0082(81)90014-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_178_1","first-page":"419","article-title":"Nutritional teratogens: a survey of epidemiology literature","volume":"163","author":"Pieters JJL","year":"1985","journal-title":"Prog Clin Biol Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_179_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15287398709531046"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_180_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/RD01018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_181_1","first-page":"317","volume-title":"Monographs of the Mario Negri Institute for pharmacological research","author":"Purves D","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_182_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1980.03300360011005","article-title":"Carcinogenicity testing of drugs","volume":"243","author":"Rall DP","year":"1980","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_183_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2003.00078.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_184_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0362(90)90004-V"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_185_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1982.03320350033024","article-title":"Selected birth defects in relation to caffeine\u2010containing beverages","volume":"247","author":"Rosenberg L","year":"1982","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_186_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2004.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_187_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-3806(00)00037-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_188_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/11.4.343"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_189_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2007.08.092"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_190_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.5.1120","article-title":"Mate drinking during pregnancy and risk of preterm and small for gestational age birth","volume":"135","author":"Santos IS","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_191_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gah175"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_192_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)15197-3","article-title":"The effect of adenosine and adenine nucleotides on the cyclic adenosine 3\u2032,5\u2032\u2010phosphate content of guinea pig cerebral cortex slices","volume":"6","author":"Sattin A","year":"1970","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_193_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn193"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_194_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/9780203909904"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_195_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20624"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_196_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4347(99)00040-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_197_1","volume-title":"Reproductive effects of chemical, physical, and biological agents","author":"Scialli AR","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_198_1","first-page":"225","volume-title":"Advances in pediatrics","author":"Shepard TH","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_199_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420500202"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_200_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00733753"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_201_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000112221.24237.0c"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_202_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(01)01575-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_203_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)44528-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_204_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/rtph.1994.1001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_205_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn248"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_206_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(47)80158-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_207_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(87)90145-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_208_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198407263110410"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_209_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(88)90236-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_210_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(92)90106-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_211_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112163"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_212_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(81)90145-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_213_1","first-page":"123","volume-title":"Pharmacokinetics in teatogenesis","author":"Sullivan FM","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_214_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113542"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_215_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)77423-7","article-title":"Fractionation and characterization of a cyclic adenine ribonucleoide formed by tissue particles","volume":"232","author":"Sutherland EW","year":"1958","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_216_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(83)80045-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_217_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(02)01124-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_218_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2885.1999.00226.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_219_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deg480"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_220_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719107307717"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_221_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/152.12.1185"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_222_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2005.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_223_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1979.tb05236.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_224_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3016.2003.00507.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_225_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009110"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_226_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-69823-1_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_227_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/rvsc.2000.0389"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_228_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1989.tb03229.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_229_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200101000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_230_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.10.803"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_231_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(15)33279-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_232_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/421473"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_233_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.1970.Spontaneous and induced abortion. World Health Organization Technical Report Series Number 461 Geneva World Health Organization."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_234_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dem316"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_235_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/6.5.474"}],"container-title":["Birth Defects Research Part B: Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fbdrb.20288","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/bdrb.20288","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T09:04:26Z","timestamp":1740992666000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bdrb.20288"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,2]]},"references-count":234,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/bdrb.20288"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bdrb.20288","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1542-9733","1542-9741"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1542-9733","type":"print"},{"value":"1542-9741","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,2]]}}}