{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,21]],"date-time":"2025-09-21T17:20:02Z","timestamp":1758475202198},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,23]],"date-time":"2011-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1300838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research Pt B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>BACKGROUND<\/jats:bold>: Pulmonary hypoplasia (PH) is the main cause of mortality in newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Prenatal administration of retinoic acid (RA) stimulates alveologenesis in the nitrofen\u2010induced pulmonary hypoplasia. Insulin\u2010like growth factor receptors (IGFRs) play a crucial role in alveologenesis during lung development. We recently demonstrated that IGFRs were downregulated in later stages of lung development in the nitrofen CDH model. Several studies suggest the ability of RA to regulate insulin\u2010like growth factor signaling. We hypothesized that IGFRs pulmonary gene expression is upregulated after the administration of RA in the nitrofen\u2010induced CDH model. <jats:bold>METHODS<\/jats:bold>: Pregnant rats were exposed to either olive oil or nitrofen on day 9 (D9) of gestation. RA was given intraperitoneally on days D18, D19, and D20. Fetal lungs were dissected on D21 and divided into control, control + RA, CDH, and CDH + RA group. IGFRs gene and protein expression were determined using RT\u2010PCR and immunohistochemistry. <jats:bold>RESULTS<\/jats:bold>: mRNA expression levels of IGFRs were significantly increased in control + RA and CDH + RA compared with CDH group. Immunoreactivity of IGFRs was markedly increased in control + RA and CDH + RA compared with CDH lungs. <jats:bold>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:bold>: Upregulation of pulmonary gene and protein expression of IGFRs after prenatal RA treatment in the nitrofen model suggests that RA may promote lung growth by stimulating IGFRs mediated alveologenesis. <jats:italic>Birth Defects Res (Part B)<\/jats:italic> 92:148\u2013151, 2011. \u00a9 2011 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.20293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,23]],"date-time":"2011-03-23T20:08:15Z","timestamp":1300910895000},"page":"148-151","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Prenatal administration of retinoic acid upregulates insulin\u2010like growth factor receptors in the nitrofen\u2010induced hypoplastic 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