{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T16:13:45Z","timestamp":1710951225025},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,11]],"date-time":"2012-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1334102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research Pt B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A developmental toxicity bioassay was used in three experiments to evaluate water concentrates for suitability in multigenerational studies. First, chlorinated water was concentrated 135\u2010fold by reverse osmosis; select lost disinfection by\u2010products were spiked back. Concentrate was provided as drinking water to Sprague\u2013Dawley and F344 rats from gestation day 6 to postnatal day 6. Maternal serum levels of luteinizing hormone on gestation day 10 were unaffected by treatment for both strains. Treated dams had increased water consumption, and increased incidences of polyuria, diarrhea, and (in Sprague\u2013Dawley rats) red perinasal staining. Pup weights were reduced. An increased incidence of eye defects was seen in F344 litters. Chemical analysis of the concentrate revealed high sodium (6.6 g\/l) and sulfate (10.4 g\/l) levels. To confirm that these chemicals caused polyuria and osmotic diarrhea, respectively, Na<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>SO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> (5\u201320 g\/l) or NaCl (16.5 g\/l) was provided to rats in drinking water. Water consumption was increased at 5\u2010 and 10\u2010g Na<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>SO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\/l and with NaCl. Pup weights were reduced at 20\u2010g Na<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>SO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\/l. Dose\u2010related incidences and severity of polyuria and diarrhea occurred in Na<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>SO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\u2010treated rats; perinasal staining was seen at 20 g\/l. NaCl caused polyuria and perinasal staining, but not diarrhea. Subsequently, water was concentrated \u223c120\u2010fold and sulfate levels were reduced by barium hydroxide before chlorination, yielding lower sodium (\u22641.5 g\/l) and sulfate (\u22642.1 g\/l) levels. Treatment resulted in increased water consumption, but pup weight and survival were unaffected. There were no treatment\u2010related clinical findings, indicating that mixtures produced by the second method are suitable for multigenerational testing. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 00:1\u201311, 2012. 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