{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T06:15:11Z","timestamp":1782972911626,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,29]],"date-time":"2013-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1369785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Birth Defects Research Pt B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Epoxiconazole (EPX; CAS\u2010No. 133855\u201098\u20108) is a triazole class\u2013active substance of plant protection products. At a dose level of 50 mg\/kg bw\/day, it causes a significantly increased incidence of late fetal mortality when administered to pregnant rats throughout gestation (gestation day [GD] 7\u201318 or 21), as reported previously (Taxvig et\u00a0al., 2007, 2008) and confirmed in these studies. Late fetal resorptions occurred in the presence of significant maternal toxicity such as clear reduction of corrected body weight gain, signs of anemia, and, critically, a marked reduction of maternal estradiol plasma levels. Furthermore, estradiol supplementation at dose levels of 0.5 or 1.0 \u03bcg\/animal\/day of estradiol cyclopentylpropionate abolished the EPX\u2010mediated late fetal resorptions. No increased incidences of external malformations were found in rats cotreated with 50 mg\/kg bw\/day EPX and estradiol cyclopentylpropionate, indicating that the occurrence of malformations was not masked by fetal mortality under the study conditions. Overall, the study data indicate that fetal mortality observed in rat studies with EPX is not the result of direct fetal toxicity but occurs indirectly via depletion of maternal estradiol levels. The clarification of the human relevance of the estrogen\u2010related mechanism behind EPX\u2010mediated late fetal resorptions in rats warrants further studies. In particular, this should involve investigation of the placenta (Rey Moreno et al., 2013), since it is the materno\u2010fetal interface and crucial for fetal maintenance. The human relevance is best addressed in a species which is closer to humans with reference to placentation and hormonal regulation of pregnancy, such as the guinea pig (Schneider et\u00a0al., 2013). Birth Defects Res (Part B) 98:247\u2013259, 2013. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.21059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,29]],"date-time":"2013-05-29T15:53:01Z","timestamp":1369842781000},"page":"247-259","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Effects of Estrogen Coadministration on Epoxiconazole Toxicity in Rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Stefan","family":"Stinchcombe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Product Safety, Regulations, Toxicology and Ecology BASF SE  Ludwigshafen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steffen","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Toxicology and Ecology BASF SE  Ludwigshafen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivana","family":"Fegert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Product Safety, Regulations, Toxicology and Ecology BASF SE  Ludwigshafen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Cecilia","family":"Rey Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Toxicology and Ecology BASF SE  Ludwigshafen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Volker","family":"Strauss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Toxicology and Ecology BASF SE  Ludwigshafen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sibylle","family":"Gr\u00f6ters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Toxicology and Ecology BASF SE  Ludwigshafen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Fabian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Toxicology and Ecology BASF SE  Ludwigshafen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karma C.","family":"Fussell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Toxicology and Ecology BASF SE  Ludwigshafen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey H.","family":"Pigott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"27 Windermere Drive Alderley Edge  Cheshire England"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bennard","family":"van Ravenzwaay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Product Safety, Regulations, Toxicology and Ecology BASF SE  Ludwigshafen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00611.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(00)70235-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-4520.1990.tb00186.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6238(98)00060-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.0180271"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1955.10501294"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2528490"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Conclusion regearding the peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance epoxiconazole","volume":"138","author":"European Food Safety Authority","year":"2008","journal-title":"EFSA Sci Report"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Commission Directive 2008\/107\/EC of 25 November 2008 amending Council Directive 91\/414\/EEC to include abamectin, epoxiconazole, fenpropimorph, fenproximate and tralkoxydim as active substances","volume":"316","author":"European Union","year":"2008","journal-title":"Offic J Eur Union L"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","unstructured":"FabianE LandsiedelR.2011.14C BAS 480 F (epoxiconazole)\u2014kinetic study in pregnant Wistar rats.Unpublished report; BASF DocID 2011\/1112619."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","volume-title":"EFSA Draft Assessment Report (DAR)\u2014public version","author":"Germany","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","unstructured":"HellwigJ HildebrandB.1989.Study of the prenatal toxicity of Reg. no. 205 259 in rats after oral administration (gavage) range finding study. 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