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Their existence in all metazoans examined so far indicates that this is an evolutionarily ancient gene family. <jats:italic>Drosophila melanogaster<\/jats:italic> has eight T\u2010box genes, whereas <jats:italic>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/jats:italic> has 22. Mammals appear to have at least 18 T\u2010box genes, comprising five subfamilies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A full range of cytological, developmental, molecular and genetic methodologies have recently been applied to the study of T\u2010box genes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Over the last 5 years, mutations in <jats:italic>TBX1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>TBX5<\/jats:italic> have been implicated in two human disorders with haplo\u2010insufficient cardiovascular phenotypes, DiGeorge\/velocardiofacial syndrome and Holt\u2010Oram (\u201cheart\u2010hand\u201d) syndrome. Interestingly, the number of T\u2010box gene family members discovered to have cardiac or pharyngeal arch expression domains during vertebrate embryonic development has steadily grown. In addition, various <jats:italic>Tbx5<\/jats:italic> loss\u2010of\u2010function models in organisms as distant as the mouse and zebrafish do indeed phenocopy Holt\u2010Oram syndrome. Finally, the intriguing discovery earlier this year that a T\u2010box gene is expressed in a subset of cardioblasts in <jats:italic>D. melanogaster<\/jats:italic> suggests that members of this gene family may have fundamental, conserved roles in cardiovascular pattern formation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These developments prompted us to review the current understanding of the contribution of T\u2010box genes to cardiovascular morphogenesis. 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