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RA is required for induction of several <jats:italic>Hox<\/jats:italic> genes involved in patterning of the hindbrain and spinal cord as neuroectoderm emerges from the primitive streak. Recent findings indicate that RA is also required to ensure bilaterally symmetrical generation of left and right somites as presomitic mesoderm emerges from the primitive streak. RA may control somitogenesis through its ability to repress posterior ectodermal expression of fibroblast growth factor\u20108 (<jats:italic>Fgf8<\/jats:italic>) for a short period of time during the late primitive streak stage when the somitogenesis clock initiates. During this tight temporal window, RA is required to limit <jats:italic>Fgf8<\/jats:italic> expression to the most posterior ectoderm (epiblast), thus preventing ectopic <jats:italic>Fgf8<\/jats:italic> expression in more anterior ectoderm including the node ectoderm and neuroectoderm. Although Fgf8 is required for the node to impart left\u2013right asymmetry on specific tissues (heart, visceral organs, etc.), excess Fgf8 signaling following a loss of RA may stimulate the node to generate asymmetry also in presomitic mesoderm, leading to left\u2013right asymmetry in the somitogenesis clock. These findings suggest that human vertebral birth defects such as scoliosis, an abnormal left\u2013right bending of the vertebral column, may be caused by a defect in RA signaling during somitogenesis. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 81:84\u201392, 2007. \u00a9 2007 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrc.20092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,28]],"date-time":"2007-06-28T14:51:28Z","timestamp":1183042288000},"page":"84-92","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Retinoic acid regulation of the somitogenesis clock"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Gregg","family":"Duester","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.16.9526"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1217404"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1534-5807(03)00055-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R100015-JLR200"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2005.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.128.16.3081"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(02)00376-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.121.2.439"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01244"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00565-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3111","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.124.16.3111","article-title":"Temporally\u2010regulated retinoic acid depletion produces specific neural crest, ocular and nervous system defects","volume":"124","author":"Dickman ED","year":"1997","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(01)00437-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.2000.01497.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.128.12.2199"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2336223100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.23.13.4637-4648.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20051988"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/415187a"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2004.06.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000082435"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.129.12.2851"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6408(1999)25:4<353::AID-DVG9>3.0.CO;2-G"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.01297"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","first-page":"43","article-title":"Scoliosis prevalence: a call for a statement of terms","volume":"126","author":"Kane WJ","year":"1977","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","first-page":"189","volume-title":"Vitamin A in health and disease","author":"Kastner P","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03512"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.120.10.2723"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4773(01)00463-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn963"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(02)00509-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(03)00202-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","first-page":"319","volume-title":"The retinoids: biology, chemistry, and medicine","author":"Mangelsdorf DJ","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.15.7286"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/370567a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2005.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.68B4.3733836"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2749","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.120.10.2749","article-title":"Function of the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) during development. 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