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Epidemiological studies have shown that children's exposure to air pollutants during fetal development and early postnatal life is associated with many types of health problems including abnormal development (low birth weight [LBW], very low birth weight [VLBW], preterm birth [PTB], intrauterine growth restriction [IUGR], congenital defects, and intrauterine and infant mortality), decreased lung growth, increased rates of respiratory tract infections, childhood asthma, behavioral problems, and neurocognitive decrements. This review focuses on the health effects of major outdoor air pollutants including particulates, carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur and nitrogen oxides (SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, NOx), ozone, and one common indoor air pollutant, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Animal data is presented that demonstrate perinatal windows of susceptibility to sidestream smoke, a surrogate for ETS, resulting in altered airway sensitivity and cell type frequency. A study of neonatal monkeys exposed to sidestream smoke during the perinatal period and\/or early postnatal period that resulted in an altered balance of Th1\u2010\/Th2\u2010cytokine secretion, skewing the immune response toward the allergy\u2010associated Th2 cytokine phenotype, is also discussed. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 81:144\u2013154, 2007. \u00a9 2007 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrc.20097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,27]],"date-time":"2007-10-27T02:12:55Z","timestamp":1193451175000},"page":"144-154","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Air pollutant effects on fetal and early postnatal development"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kent E.","family":"Pinkerton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"S34","article-title":"Effects of intrauterine growth retardation on mortality and morbidity in infants and young children","volume":"52","author":"Ashworth A","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J 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