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Although mechanistic understanding of such effects are not available, recent research using murine models highlights some key progress: (1) toxicity caused by PMs is a combined effects of particles and the adsorbed toxic pollutants, such as heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, bacteria, and virus. Fine particles may hold on to pollutants and, therefore, reduce their toxicity or enhance the toxicity by carrying pollutants crossing the placental barrier; (2) smaller size, certain particle surface chemistry modifications, early developmental stage of placenta, and maternal diseases all aggravate PM\u2010induced birth defects; (3) molecular events involved in such toxicity are begin to emerge: induction of oxidative stress, DNA damage, and alteration of molecular signaling or epigenetic events are some possible causes. Despite this progress, a clear understanding of PM\u2010induced birth defects awaits further breakthroughs on many fronts, including epidemiological studies, animal models, nanotoxicity, and molecular mechanism investigations. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 108:196\u2013206, 2016. \u00a9 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrc.21136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]],"date-time":"2016-09-01T03:57:08Z","timestamp":1472702228000},"page":"196-206","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Fine particle\u2010induced birth defects: Impacts of size, payload, and beyond"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Chuanfeng","family":"Teng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chuanfeng Teng and Bing Yan are from the School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University Jinan 250100 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chuanfeng Teng and Bing Yan are from the School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University Jinan 250100 China"},{"name":"Zhiping Wang is from the School of Public Health Shandong 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