{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T14:22:20Z","timestamp":1771338140396,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,8]],"date-time":"2003-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1049760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioelectromagnetics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Spontaneous processes in an aqueous solution of body simulated fluid (SBF) were monitored in closed vessel for a period of 1 month at 310 K, at atm pressure, and initial pH of 7.2, both with and without exposure to a square pulsed extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (EM\u2010ELF) of 250 \u03bcT, repeated at 75 Hz. The most important findings are that the SBF surface tension (\u03b3), evaluated under the EM\u2010ELF field, is lower than the corresponding value measured without EM\u2010ELF at any time. Furthermore, the pH of the exposed SBF is always more basic than that of the unexposed solution. As a consequence, when the EM\u2010ELF is applied, calcium phosphate salts do not precipitate from the SBF solution for a period as long as 30 days. Behind all these experimental evidences there is only one mechanism: the vaporisation from the SBF\u2010air interface of the CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>(aq) dissolved into the aqueous electrolyte solution. Thermodynamic analysis of these results establish that, at any given time, the difference, \u0394, between the measured surface tensions with and without EM\u2010ELF applied, gives the work of the electromagnetic forces to change the extent at which the CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>(aq) adsorbs at the liquid\u2010air interface. It has been demonstrated that the work supply per second and per unit of area by the electromagnetic forces, 3.73\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>\u221210<\/jats:sup> mJ\/s cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, is very near to the experimental slope in the plot \u0394 vs. t 1.7\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>\u221210<\/jats:sup> mJ\/s cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>. This leads to the conclusion that the EM\u2010ELF fields have an interfacial effect on the concentration value of the CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (aq) at the SBF\u2010air interface. Because of that, the EM\u2010ELF field is enhancing the CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> vaporisation rate; thus any other steps, which are a consequence of this mechanism, are changing. These results allow explanation of previous experiments concerning the precipitation of calcium carbonate from flowing hydrogen carbonate aqueous solution in the temperature range 353\u2013373 K at a pressure of 0.1 MPa under the effect of static magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 24:251\u2010261, 2003. \u00a9 2003 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.10096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,10]],"date-time":"2003-04-10T10:01:39Z","timestamp":1049968899000},"page":"251-261","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Interfacial effect of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (EM\u2010ELF) on the vaporization step of carbon dioxide from aqueous solutions of body simulated fluid (SBF)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"D.T.","family":"Beruto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Botter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Perfumo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Scaglione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"784","volume-title":"Physical chemistry of surface","author":"Adamson AW","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(95)94904-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(97)00277-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/ft9938902457"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-82036-5.50008-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-2219(98)00276-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198577591.003.0009","volume-title":"Interaction mechanism of low level electromagnetic fields in living systems","author":"Chiabrera A","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.1995.tb08887.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"140","volume-title":"Studi sull'influenza di campi elettromagnetici a bassa frequenza su processi chimici","author":"Cozzi L","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Surface tension and adsorption","author":"Defay R","year":"1966"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3093(96)00547-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0927-7765(00)00137-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"DonaldsonJD.1994.The magnetic treatment of fluids. Eurocorr 94\/ UK corrosion 94 31st October 3rd November Bournemouth UK."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"389","volume-title":"Structure and chemistry of the apatites and other calcium orthophosphates","author":"Elliott JC","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9797(81)90352-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0248(87)90060-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.1995.tb08435.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3093(99)00649-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(95)00326-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9797(92)90013-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(98)00148-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.2250090207"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","first-page":"31","article-title":"Influence of magnetic treatment of the electrokinetic properties of a suspension of calcium carbonate","volume":"47","author":"Krylov OT","year":"1985","journal-title":"Coll J USSR"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2509(00)00525-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(96)00206-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ie980465m"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-7037(97)00143-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jcis.1996.0272"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0248(95)00103-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00525a015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2109\/jcersj.103.449"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/j100179a012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.1994.tb05407.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","unstructured":"ParsonsSA.1996.Magnetically augmented water treatment. The 2nd International Meeting on Antiscale Magnetic Treatment 14th March Cranfield UK."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(96)00238-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","first-page":"272","volume-title":"From being to becoming","author":"Prigogine I","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0248(00)00449-8"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Tables on chemical thermodynamics properties","volume":"11","author":"Wagman DD","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Phys Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(96)00243-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3812(00)00396-4"}],"container-title":["Bioelectromagnetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fbem.10096","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/bem.10096","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]],"date-time":"2023-11-17T05:12:06Z","timestamp":1700197926000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bem.10096"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,8]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/bem.10096"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bem.10096","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0197-8462","1521-186X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0197-8462","type":"print"},{"value":"1521-186X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,8]]}}}