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At the brain, average specific absorption rate (SAR) was 7.5 W\/kg, and the whole body average SAR was 1.7 W\/kg. Other subjects were exposed at the brain average SAR of 25 W\/kg and the whole body average SAR of 5.7 W\/kg for 45 min daily for 4 days. Learning and memory were evaluated by reversal learning in a food rewarded T\u2010maze, in which rats learned the location of food (right or left) by using environmental cues. The animals exposed to EMW with the brain average SAR of 25 W\/kg for 4 days showed statistically significant decreases in the transition in number of correct choices in the reversal task, compared to sham exposed or cage control animals. However, rats exposed to the brain average SAR of 7.5 W\/kg for either 4 days or for 4 weeks showed no T\u2010maze performance impairments. Intraperitoneal temperatures, as measured by a fiber optic thermometer, increased in the rats exposed to the brain average SAR of 25 W\/kg but remained the same for the brain average SAR of 7.5 W\/kg. The SAR of a standard cellular phone is restricted to a maximum of 2 W\/kg averaged over 10 g tissue. These results suggest that the exposure to a TDMA field at levels about four times stronger than emitted by cellular phones does not affect the learning and memory processes when there are no thermal effects. Bioelectromagnetics 24:223\u2013230, 2003. \u00a9 2003 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.10099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,10]],"date-time":"2003-04-10T10:01:39Z","timestamp":1049968899000},"page":"223-230","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["1439 MHz pulsed TDMA fields affect performance of rats in a T\u2010maze task only when body temperature is elevated"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Hironori","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giichirou","family":"Tsurita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoogo","family":"Ueno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soichi","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanako","family":"Wake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masao","family":"Taki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirokazu","family":"Nagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-197503000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.2250120306"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(91)90750-N"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(89)90005-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004032-199711000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(91)90121-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.387852"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.2250060312"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(90)90112-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-186X(1999)20:4 <64::AID-BEM9>3.0.CO;2-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/RS012i06Sp00251"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.2250150207"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(13)80010-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/RS014i06Sp00217"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.2250050211"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.2250010208"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nlme.1996.3750"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(71)90227-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004010050734"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0149-7634(83)90014-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0046241"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1975.tb36020.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","first-page":"494","article-title":"Guidelines for limiting exposure to time\u2010varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz)","volume":"74","author":"ICNIRP","year":"1998","journal-title":"Health Phys"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"IEEE standard for safety levels with respect to human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz","author":"IEEE","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(72)90030-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.2250150202"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1980.11583"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-1047(80)91150-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1063(1997)7:4<355::AID-HIPO1>3.0.CO;2-I"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","first-page":"337","volume-title":"Biological effects and health hazard of RF and MW energy; 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