{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T15:09:10Z","timestamp":1777129750681,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,18]],"date-time":"2011-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1313625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioelectromagnetics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The hypogeomagnetic field (HGMF; magnetic fields &lt;200\u2009nT) is one of the fundamental environmental factors of space. However, the effect of HGMF exposure on living systems remains unclear. In this article, we examine the biological effects of HGMF on the embryonic development of<jats:italic>Xenopus laevis<\/jats:italic>(African clawed frog). A decrease in horizontal third cleavage furrows and abnormal morphogenesis were observed in<jats:italic>Xenopus<\/jats:italic>embryos growing in the HGMF. HGMF exposure at the two\u2010cell stage, but no later than the four\u2010cell stage, is enough to alter the third cleavage geometry pattern. Immunofluorescent staining for \u03b1\u2010tubulin showed reorientation of the spindle of four\u2010cell stage blastomeres. These results indicate that a brief (2\u2010h) exposure to HGMF is sufficient to interfere with the development of<jats:italic>Xenopus<\/jats:italic>embryos at cleavage stages. Also, the mitotic spindle could be an early sensor to the deprivation of the geomagnetic field, which provides a clue to the molecular mechanism underlying the morphological and other changes observed in the developing and\/or developed embryos. Bioelectromagnetics 33:238\u2013246, 2012. \u00a9 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.20699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,18]],"date-time":"2011-08-18T14:13:07Z","timestamp":1313676787000},"page":"238-246","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Altered development of<i>Xenopus<\/i>embryos in a hypogeomagnetic field"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Wei\u2010chuan","family":"Mo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helen 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