{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T21:41:15Z","timestamp":1766180475628},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,2]],"date-time":"2012-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1341187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioelectromagnetics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The former Soviet Union (USSR) and the USA were the first countries to introduce standards limiting exposure to radiofrequency (RF) fields. However, the exposure limits in the USSR standards were always much lower than those in the USA and other countries. The objective of this article is to provide a history of the development of the Soviet and Russian RF standards. In addition, we summarize the scientific evidence used to develop the original USSR RF and subsequent Russian public health standards, as well as the mobile telecommunications standard published in 2003, but we do not critique them. We also describe the protective approaches used by the Soviet and Russian scientists for setting their limits. A translation of the papers of the key studies used to develop their standards is available in the online version of this publication. Bioelectromagnetics  33:623\u2013633, 2012. \u00a9 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.21742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,2]],"date-time":"2012-07-02T14:16:06Z","timestamp":1341238566000},"page":"623-633","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Scientific basis for the Soviet and Russian radiofrequency standards for the general public"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Repacholi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuri","family":"Grigoriev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jochen","family":"Buschmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Pioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"691","article-title":"Influence of electromagnetic radiation of various modes of heart activity (in experiment)","volume":"36","author":"Afrikanova L","year":"1996","journal-title":"Radiats Biol Radioecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"Specific features of immuno\u2010biological shifts in immunized animals in chronic irradiation with radio waves of super\u2010high frequency","volume":"7","author":"Dronov S","year":"1971","journal-title":"Gig Sanit"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"442","article-title":"Electromagnetic fields of cellular telephones and the health of children and teenagers (a situation demanding acceptance of urgent measures)","volume":"45","author":"Grigoriev Y","year":"2005","journal-title":"Radiats Biol Radioecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"223","article-title":"Formation of memory (imprinting) of chickens after preliminary exposure of electromagnetic fields of low levels","volume":"38","author":"Grigoriev Y","year":"1998","journal-title":"Radiats Biol Radioecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Radio frequency radiation dosimetry","author":"Grigoriev Y","year":"2000"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"Motor activity of rabbits in conditions of chronic low\u2010intensity pulse microwave irradiation","volume":"35","author":"Grigoriev Y","year":"1995","journal-title":"Radiats Biol Radioecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","unstructured":"GrigorievYG StepanovVS NikitinaVN RubtsovaNB SharfirkinAV VasinAL.2003a.Recommendations on the improvement of approaches and principles of EMF regulation. 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