{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:59:04Z","timestamp":1777424344527,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,11]],"date-time":"2017-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1502409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioelectromagnetics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Since the development of communication devices and expansion of their applications, there have been concerns about their harmful health effects. The main aim of this study was to investigate laptop thermal effects caused by exposure to electromagnetic fields and thermal sources simultaneously; propose a nondestructive, replicable process that is less expensive than clinical measurements; and to study the effects of positioning any new device near the human body in steady state conditions to ensure safety by U.S. and European standard thresholds. A computer simulation was designed to obtain laptop heat flux from SolidWorks flow simulation. Increase in body temperature due to heat flux was calculated, and antenna radiation was calculated using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio software. Steady state temperature and specific absorption rate (SAR) distribution in user's body, and heat flux beneath the laptop, were obtained from simulations. The laptop in its high performance mode caused 420 (W\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) peak two\u2010dimensional heat flux beneath it. The cumulative effect of laptop in high performance mode and 1\u2009W antenna radiation resulted in temperatures of 42.9, 38.1, and 37.2\u2009\u00b0C in lap skin, scrotum, and testis, that is, 5.6, 2.1, and 1.4\u2009\u00b0C increase in temperature, respectively. Also, 1\u2009W antenna radiation caused 0.37\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup> and 0.13\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>  (W\/kg) peak three\u2010dimensional SAR at 2.4 and 5\u2009GHz, respectively, which could be ignored in reference to standards and temperature rise due to laptop use. Bioelectromagnetics. 38:550\u2013558, 2017. \u00a9 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.22068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,11]],"date-time":"2017-08-11T12:12:41Z","timestamp":1502453561000},"page":"550-558","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Thermal mapping on male genital and skin tissues of laptop thermal sources and electromagnetic interaction"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Mahdi","family":"Safari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering Iran University of Science and Technology Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Navid","family":"Mosleminiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering Iran University of Science and Technology Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Abdolali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering Iran University of Science and Technology Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","unstructured":"AndreuccettiD.2012. An Internet resource for the calculation of the dielectric properties of body tissues in the frequency range 10 Hz\u2010100 GHz.http:\/\/niremf.ifac.cnr.it\/tissprop\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1977.tb04566.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2003.808809"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","unstructured":"Bioheat Simulations with CST Studio Suite.2009. Agenda for Research. Available from:https:\/\/www.cst.com\/Content\/Events\/UGM2009\/6-2-4-Bioheat-simulations-with-CSTSTUDIOSUITE.pdf[Last accessed 31 July 2015]."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","unstructured":"CST Microwave Studio. Agenda for Research. Available from:http:\/\/www.cst.com\/Content\/Products\/MWS\/Overview.aspx[Last accessed 2 April2015]."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"107","article-title":"Deterioration of sperm morphology in men exposed to high temperature","volume":"5","author":"Dada R","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Anat Soc India"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700590"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000056387"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","first-page":"227","article-title":"Effects of temperature on sperm motion characteristics and reactive oxygen species","volume":"47","author":"Esfandiari N","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Fertil Womens Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/55\/15\/N01"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/52\/10\/004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","unstructured":"GutermanJ MoreiraAA PeixeiroC Rahmat\u2010SamiiY.2009. User interaction with antenna arrays in MIMO\u2010enabled laptops. In Antennas and Propagation. European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP) IEEE. 3rd European Conference:226\u2013230."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","unstructured":"HasgallPA NeufeldE GosselinMC Klingenb\u00f6ckA KusterN.2012. Agenda for Research. Available from:http:\/\/www.itis.ethz.ch\/database2012[Last accessed 13 May 2014]."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6238(02)00025-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","unstructured":"IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human.2005. IEEE International Committee on Electromagnetic Safety New York."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","unstructured":"Intel Product Information. Agenda for Research. Available from:http:\/\/ark.intel.com\/#@MobileProducts[Last accessed 27 July2014]."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2011.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","first-page":"165","volume-title":"Power Consumption Breakdown on a Modern Laptop. International Workshop on Power\u2010Aware Computer Systems","author":"Mahesri A","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.30.5.505"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/52\/22\/012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14647273.2010.531883"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1948.1.2.93"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0b013e318200e203"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","first-page":"8","article-title":"Influence of averaging masses on correlation between mass\u2010averaged SAR and temperature rise","volume":"10","author":"Razmadze A","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Appl Electromagn"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MAP.2016.2593999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2605.1998.00138.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh616"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","first-page":"37","article-title":"Analysis and design of an inverted\u2010F antenna printed on a PCMCIA card for the 2.4\u2009GHz ISM band. Antennas and Propagation Magazine","volume":"44","author":"Soras C","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","unstructured":"SOLIDWORKS Simulation Data Sheet. Agenda for Research. Available from:https:\/\/www.solidworks.com\/sw\/products\/simulation\/flow\u2010simulation.htm[Last accessed 30 July2014]."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAPT.2010.2044505"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/13.8.2122"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/52\/5\/001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2007.890740"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2011.10.003"}],"container-title":["Bioelectromagnetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fbem.22068","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/bem.22068","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T04:08:03Z","timestamp":1696565283000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bem.22068"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,11]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/bem.22068"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bem.22068","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0197-8462","1521-186X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0197-8462","type":"print"},{"value":"1521-186X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,11]]}}}