{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T15:48:05Z","timestamp":1780069685701,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,23]],"date-time":"2019-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Bioelectromagnetics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>It is well known that applying transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) to the scalp can generate artefactual visual perceptions of flashing or shimmering light known as phosphenes. The thresholds for generating these phosphenes have been used by international standards bodies to provide conservative estimates of the field strength required to interfere with human neural functioning and set safety limits accordingly. However, the precise relationship between electric currents and phosphene perception thresholds remains uncertain. The present study used tACS to systematically investigate the effects of the location and the frequency of stimulation on phosphene perception thresholds. These thresholds were obtained from 24 participants using a within\u2010subject design as a function of scalp stimulation sites (FPz\u2010Cz versus Oz\u2010Cz) and stimulation frequency (2\u201330\u2009Hz in steps of 2\u2009Hz). Phosphene perception thresholds were consistently lower for FPz\u2010Cz stimulation, and regardless of tACS location were lowest for 16\u2009Hz stimulation. Threshold variation between participants was very small, which is meaningful when setting standards based on phosphenes. Bioelectromagnetics. 2019;40:365\u2013374. \u00a9 2019 Bioelectromagnetics Society.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.22209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,24]],"date-time":"2019-07-24T04:19:13Z","timestamp":1563941953000},"page":"365-374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Frequency\u2010dependent and montage\u2010based differences in phosphene perception thresholds via transcranial alternating current stimulation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2231-3134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian D.","family":"Evans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of Wollongong  Wollongong Australia"},{"name":"Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute University of Wollongong  Wollongong Australia"},{"name":"Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research  Wollongong Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Population Health Research on Electromagnetic Energy Monash University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9140-5681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen","family":"Palmisano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of Wollongong  Wollongong Australia"},{"name":"Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute University of Wollongong  Wollongong Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3438-3914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah P.","family":"Loughran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of Wollongong  Wollongong Australia"},{"name":"Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute University of Wollongong  Wollongong Australia"},{"name":"Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research  Wollongong Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Population Health Research on Electromagnetic Energy Monash University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2532-6624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Legros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lawson Health Research Institute Western University  London Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5986-9136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodney J.","family":"Croft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of Wollongong  Wollongong Australia"},{"name":"Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute University of Wollongong  Wollongong Australia"},{"name":"Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research  Wollongong Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Population Health Research on Electromagnetic Energy Monash University  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/RS012i06Sp00243"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2007.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-003-1459-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.rpd.a006370"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523899162151"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1997.sp022056"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.01.068"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.841308"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.03.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0b013e3181f06c86"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2008.10.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.03.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00505.2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(00)00518-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_16_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"What's new in Psychtoolbox\u20103?","volume":"36","author":"Kleiner M","year":"2007","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/10\/4\/046009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_18_1","first-page":"87","article-title":"O\u00f9 \u013aon rend compte de quelques tentatives que \u013aon a faites pour gu\u00e9rir plusieurs maladies par l'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 [Memorandum of some attempts made to cure several diseases by electricity]","volume":"60","author":"Le Roy C","year":"1755","journal-title":"Hist Acad R Sci (Paris), M\u00e9m Math Phys"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132024"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.07.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02443387"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.582"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089892903321662994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1965.28.1.166"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_25_1","first-page":"164","article-title":"\u00dcber subjektive Lichterscheinungen bei Reizung mit Wechselstr\u00f6men [About subjective light effects when stimulated with alternating currents]","volume":"66","author":"Rohracher H","year":"1935","journal-title":"Z Sinnesphysiologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2009.10.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00362672"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_28_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Retina or visual cortex? The site of phosphene induction by transcranial alternating current stimulation. Frontiers in Integrative","volume":"3","author":"Schwiedrzick C","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2711186"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/radiopro\/2013088"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_31_1","first-page":"275","article-title":"Both the cutaneous sensation and phosphene perception are modulated in a frequency\u2010specific manner during transcranial alternating current stimulation","volume":"31","author":"Turi Z","year":"2003","journal-title":"Restor Neurol Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03202828"}],"container-title":["Bioelectromagnetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/bem.22209","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/bem.22209","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/bem.22209","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T01:18:04Z","timestamp":1693963084000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bem.22209"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,23]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/bem.22209"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bem.22209","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0197-8462","1521-186X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0197-8462","type":"print"},{"value":"1521-186X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-09-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-07-06","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-07-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}