{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T19:04:41Z","timestamp":1790017481682,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]],"date-time":"2020-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Bioelectromagnetics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Electrical stun devices (ESDs) serve a basic role in law enforcement and provide an alternative to lethal options for target control by causing electromuscular incapacitation (EMI). A fundamental concern is the adverse health consequences associated with their use. The capability of EMI electric field pulses to disrupt skeletal muscle cells (i.e. rhabdomyolysis) was investigated over the operational range commonly used in commercial EMI devices. Functional and structural alteration and recovery of muscle and nerve tissue were assessed. In an anesthetized swine model, the left thigh was exposed to 2\u2009min of electrical pulses, using a commercially available ESD or a custom\u2010made EMI signal power amplifier. Serum creatinine phosphokinase (CPK), troponin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were monitored intermittently for 6\u2009h post\u2010EMI exposure. A standard external cardiac defibrillator served as a positive control. Muscle and nerve tissue histology adjacent to the EMI contacts were examined. Post\u2010EMI shock skeletal muscle function was evaluated by analyzing the compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) of the rectus femoris muscle. Maximal energy cardiac defibrillator pulses resulted in rhabdomyolysis and marked elevation of CPK, LDH, and AST 6\u2009h post\u2010shock. EMI field pulses resulted in the animals developing transient acidosis. CMAP amplitudes decreased approximately 50% after EMI and recovered to near\u2010normal levels within 6\u2009h. Within 6\u2009h post\u2010EMI exposure, blood CPK was mildly increased, LDH was normal, and no arrhythmia was observed. Minimal rhabdomyolysis was produced by the EMI pulses. These results suggest that EMI exposure is unlikely to cause extremity rhabdomyolysis in normal individuals. Bioelectromagnetics. \u00a9 2020 Bioelectromagnetics Society<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.22293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]],"date-time":"2020-09-03T14:07:10Z","timestamp":1599142030000},"page":"540-551","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Electromuscular Incapacitation Current Induced Neuromuscular Tissue Injury"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4760-1589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle X.","family":"Ling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Trauma Research Program, Department of Surgery, Chicago Electrical Trauma Research Institute The University of Chicago Chicago Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3196-5951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colin A.","family":"McFaul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Trauma Research Program, Department of Surgery, Chicago Electrical Trauma Research Institute The University of Chicago Chicago Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Trauma Research Program, Department of Surgery, Chicago Electrical Trauma Research Institute The University of Chicago Chicago Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6628-1867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raphael C.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Trauma Research Program, Department of Surgery, Chicago Electrical Trauma Research Institute The University of Chicago Chicago Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","article-title":"Citing deaths in police custody, ACLU of Colorado calls for limits on use of electroshock weapons","author":"American Civil Liberties Union","year":"2006","journal-title":"ACLU Library"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","unstructured":"Amnesty International.2004.USA\/Canada: Pattern of abuse\u2014Suspend use of taser guns. 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