{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T11:23:59Z","timestamp":1784546639327,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,25]],"date-time":"2020-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Bioelectromagnetics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The continuously increasing usage of cell phones has raised concerns about the adverse effects of microwave radiation (MWR) emitted by cell phones on health. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have claimed that MWR may cause various kinds of damage in tissues. The aim of this study is to examine the possible effects of exposure to low\u2010intensity MWR on DNA and oxidative damage in the livers of rats. Eighteen Sprague\u2013Dawley male rats were divided into three equal groups randomly (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20096). Group 1 (Sham\u2010control): rats were kept under conditions the same as those of other groups, except for MWR exposure. Group 2: rats exposed to 1800\u2009MHz (SAR: 0.62\u2009W\/kg) at 0.127\u2009\u00b1\u20090.04\u2009mW\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> power density, and Group 3: rats exposed to 2,100\u2009MHz (SAR: 0.2\u2009W\/kg) at 0.038\u2009\u00b1\u20090.03\u2009mW\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> power density. Microwave application groups were exposed to MWR 2\u2009h\/day for 7 months. At the end of the exposure period, the rats were sacrificed and DNA damage, malondialdehyde (MDA), 8\u2010hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8\u2010OHdG), and total oxidant\u2010antioxidant parameter analyses were conducted in their liver tissue samples. It was found that 1800 and 2100\u2009MHz low\u2010intensity MWR caused a significant increase in MDA, 8\u2010OHdG, total oxidant status, oxidative stress index, and comet assay tail intensity (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), while total antioxidant status levels (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) decreased. The results of our study showed that whole\u2010body exposure to 1800 and 2100\u2009MHz low\u2010intensity MWR emitted by cell phones can induce oxidative stress by altering oxidant\u2010antioxidant parameters and lead to DNA strand breaks and oxidative DNA damage in the liver of rats. Bioelectromagnetics. 2021;42:76\u201385. \u00a9 2020 Bioelectromagnetics Society<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.22315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,25]],"date-time":"2020-12-25T23:44:53Z","timestamp":1608939893000},"page":"76-85","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Effects of Low\u2010Intensity Microwave Radiation on Oxidant\u2010Antioxidant Parameters and DNA Damage in the Liver of Rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3321-2873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet E.","family":"Alkis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Health and Safety Health School of Mu\u015f Alparslan University Mu\u015f Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2826-2734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet 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