{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T08:52:23Z","timestamp":1776847943460,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]],"date-time":"2021-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Bioelectromagnetics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>It is generally believed that the phosphenes induced by transcranial electric current stimulation (tECS) are a product of retinal activation, even when electrode placement is directly over the primary visual cortex. However, the origins of these tECS\u2010induced phosphenes have not yet been conclusively determined. In this study, phosphene detection thresholds using an FPz\u2010Oz montage were compared with those from (i) an Oz\u2010Cz montage to determine whether prefrontal regions, such as the retina, contribute to phosphenes and (ii) an FPz\u2010Cz montage to determine whether the visual cortex in the occipital lobe contributes to phosphenes. Twenty\u2010two participants received transcranial current stimulation with each of these montages (as well as a T3\u2010T4 montage included for exploratory purposes) at 6, 10, 16, 20, 24, 28, and 32\u2009Hz. To estimate differences in current density at the retina and occipital lobe across montages, modeling of current density at phosphene thresholds was measured across 20 head models. Consistent with the proposal that tECS\u2010induced phosphenes are generated in the retina, increasing current density near the retina (FPz\u2010Oz relative to Oz\u2010Cz montage) reduced phosphene thresholds. However, increasing current density near the occipital cortex (FPz\u2010Oz relative to FPz\u2010Cz montage) also reduced phosphene thresholds while also requiring less current density at the retina according to the modeling estimates. This suggests that tECS of this occipital cortex also contributed to phosphene perception. \u00a9 2020 Bioelectromagnetics Society.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.22317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T16:47:06Z","timestamp":1610729226000},"page":"146-158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Retinal and Cortical Contributions to Phosphenes During Transcranial Electrical Current Stimulation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2231-3134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian D.","family":"Evans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of Wollongong  Wollongong Australia"},{"name":"Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute University of Wollongong  Wollongong Australia"},{"name":"Australian Center for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research  Wollongong 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