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Immediately after exposure, mononuclear cells were separated from blood by Ficoll density\u2010gradient centrifugation and cultured for 3 days at 37\u00b0C with or without mitogenic stimulation by phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Lymphocyte proliferation was assayed at the end of the culture period by 6 h of pulse labeling with <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>H\u2010thymidine <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>H\u2010TdR). Exposure to radiation at either frequency at specific absorption rates (SARs) below 50 W\/kg resulted in a dose\u2010dependent, statistically significant increase of <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>H\u2010TdR uptake in PHA\u2010activated or unstimulated lymphocytes. Exposure at 50 W\/kg or higher suppressed <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>H\u2010TdR uptake relative to that of sham\u2010exposed cells. There were no detectable effects of RF radiation on lymphocyte morphology or viability. Notwithstanding the characteristic temperature dependence of lymphocyte activation in vitro, the isothermal exposure conditions of this study warrant the conclusion that the biphasic, dose\u2010dependent effects of the radiation on lymphocyte proliferation were not dependent on heating.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.2250110107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,4]],"date-time":"2006-02-04T08:19:04Z","timestamp":1139041144000},"page":"47-56","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["In vitro lymphocyte proliferation induced by radio\u2010frequency electromagnetic radiation under isothermal conditions"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Stephen F.","family":"Cleary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li\u2010Ming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Randall E.","family":"Merchant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"319","article-title":"Effect of incubation temperature on mitogen responses of lymphocytes from adult peripheral blood and from cord blood","volume":"33","author":"Ashman RB","year":"1978","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Biological Effects of Microwaves","author":"Baranski S","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"217","article-title":"Modulation of mammalian immunity by electromagnetic radiation","volume":"20","author":"Budd RA","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Microw Power Electromagn Energy"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.2250060311"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.2250060106"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3577561"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Gigiena Truda: biologitcheskoe Delstire Electromagnitych Boln Radistchastot","author":"Czerski P","year":"1972"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1975.tb35998.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"125","article-title":"Rat lymphocytes in cell culture exposed to 2450 MHz (CW) microwave radiation. 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