{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T05:51:40Z","timestamp":1790056300772,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,19]],"date-time":"2005-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1129680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5040,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioelectromagnetics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our goal was to investigate effects of long\u2010term exposure to pulsed microwave radiation. The major emphasis was to expose a large sample of experimental animals throughout their lifetimes and to monitor them for effects on general health and longevity.<\/jats:p><jats:p>An exposure facility was developed that enabled 200 rats to be maintained under specific\u2010pathogen\u2010free (SPF) conditions while housed individually in circularly\u2010polarized waveguides. The exposure facility consisted of two rooms, each containing 50 active waveguides and 50 waveguides for sham (control) exposures. The experimental rats were exposed to 2,450\u2010MHz pulsed microwaves at 800 pps with a 10\u2010\u03bcs pulse width. The pulsed microwaves were square\u2010wave modulated at 8\u2010Hz. Whole body calorimetry, thermographic analysis, and power\u2010meter analysis indicated that microwaves delivered at 0.144 W to each exposure waveguide resulted in an average specific absorption rate (SAR) that ranged from 0.4 W\/kg for a 200\u2010g rat to 0.15 W\/kg for an 800\u2010g rat.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Two hundred male, Sprague\u2010Dawley rats were assigned in equal numbers to radiation\u2010exposure and sham\u2010exposure conditions. Exposure began at 8 weeks of age and continued daily, 21.5 h\/day, for 25 months. Animals were bled at regular intervals and blood samples were analyzed for serum chemistries, hematological values, protein electrophoretic patterns, thyroxine, and plasma corticosterone levels. In addition to daily measures of body mass, food and water consumption by all animals, O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> consumption and CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> production were periodically measured in a sub\u2010sample (N=18) of each group. Activity was assessed in an open\u2010field apparatus at regular intervals throughout the study. After 13 months, 10 rats from each group were euthanatized to test for immunological competence and to permit whole\u2010body analysis, as well as gross and histopathological examinations. At the end of 25 months, the survivors (11 sham\u2010exposed and 12 radiation\u2010exposed rats) were euthanatized for similar analyses. The other 157 animals were examined histopathologically when they died spontaneously or were terminated <jats:italic>in extremis<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.2250130605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,4]],"date-time":"2006-02-04T11:52:40Z","timestamp":1139053960000},"page":"469-496","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":125,"title":["Long\u2010term, low\u2010level microwave irradiation of rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"C.\u2010K.","family":"Chou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. W.","family":"Guy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. L.","family":"Kunz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. B.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. J.","family":"Crowley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. H.","family":"Krupp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1981.61.2.435"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Pathology of Laboratory Animals","author":"Altman PL","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"ANSI C95.1\u20101982 (1982): \u201cAmerican National Standard Safety Levels With Respect to Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields 300 kHz to 100 GHz.\u201d New York: IEEE pp1\u201324."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03610738208258390"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"242","article-title":"Nutrition and longevity in the rat. 1. Food intake in relation to size, health and fertility","volume":"71","author":"Berg BN","year":"1960","journal-title":"J Futr"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"54","article-title":"Heat dissipation biorhythms of laboratory animals","volume":"27","author":"Besch EL","year":"1977","journal-title":"Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"545","article-title":"Food intake as a mechanism of temperature regulation","volume":"20","author":"Brobeck JR","year":"1948","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Methods in Cancer Research","author":"Busch H","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Molecular Biology of Cancer","author":"Busch H","year":"1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"ChouCK GuyAW JohnsonRB(1983): \u201cVolume 3. SAR in Rats Exposed in 2450\u2010MHz Circularly Polarized Waveguide.\u201d USAFSAM\u2010TR\u201083\u201019 October: NTIS publication AD\u2010A135376."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.2250050404"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"ChouCK ClagettJA KunzLL GuyAW(1986): \u201cEffects of Long\u2010Term Radiofrequency Radiation on Immunological Competence and Metabolism.\u201d USAFSAM\u2010TR\u201085\u2010105 May Brooks AFB TX 78235. NTIS publication AD\u2010A169064."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(75)90053-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Biological Effects and Health Hazards of Microwave Radiation","author":"Czerski P","year":"1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-82-4-655"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","unstructured":"ElderJA CahillDF(1984): \u201cBiological Effects of Radiofrequency Radiation.\u201d Report EPA\u2010600\/8\u201083\u2010026F Health Effects Research Laboratory Office of Research and Development USEPA Research Triangle Park NC 27711."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Biological Effects and Medical Applications of Electromagnetic Energy","author":"Gandhi OP","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","first-page":"77","volume-title":"Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Waves","author":"Guy AW","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/RS014i06Sp00063"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"GuyAW ChouCK JohnsonRB KunzLL(1983a): \u201cVolume 1. Design Facilities. and Procedures.\u201d USAFSAM\u2010TR\u201083\u201017 September: NTIS publication AD\u2010A134079."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"GuyAW ChouCK NeuhausB(1983b): \u201cVolume 2. Average SAR and SAR Distribution in Man Exposed to 450\u2010MHz RFR.\u201d USAFSAM\u2010TR\u201083\u201018 September; NTIS publication AD\u2010A135455."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"GuyAW ChouCK KunzLL CrowleyJ KruppJH(1985): \u201cVolume 9. Summary\u201d USAFSAM\u2010TR\u201085\u201064 August; NTIS publication AD\u2010A159512."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","first-page":"303","volume-title":"Handbook of Physiology, sec. 6: Alimentary Canal. Vol. 1: Control of Food and Water Intake","author":"Hamilton CL","year":"1967"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/RS012i06Sp00173"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Safety Levels With Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(76)90073-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","unstructured":"JohnsonRB SpackmanD CrowleyJ ThompsonD ChouCK KunzLLGuyAW(1983): \u201cVolume 4: Open\u2010field Behavior and Corticosterone.\u201d USAFSAM\u2010TR\u201083\u201042 December; NTIS publication AD\u2010A137743."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","unstructured":"JohnsonRB KunzLL ThompsonD CrowleyJ ChouCK GuyAW(1984): \u201cVolume 7. Metabolism Growth and Development.\u201d USAFSAM\u2010TR\u201084\u201031 September; NTIS publication AD\u2010A150829."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.21979"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","unstructured":"KunzLL Hellstr\u00f6mKE ThompsonD ChouCK GuyAW(1983): \u201cVolume 5. Evaluation of the Immune System's Response.\u201d USAFSAM\u2010TR\u201083\u201050 December; NTIS publication AD\u2010A138535."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","unstructured":"KunzLL JohnsonRB ThompsonD CrowleyJ ChouCK GuyAW(1984): \u201cVolume 6. Hematological Serum Chemistry Thyroxine and Protein Electrophoresis Evaluation.\u201d USAFSAM\u2010TR\u201084\u20102 March; NTIS publication AD\u2010A141124."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","unstructured":"KunzLL JohnsonRB ThompsonD CrowleyJ ChouCK GuyAW(1985): \u201cVolume 8. Evaluation of Longevity Cause of Death and Histopathological Findings.\u201d USAFSAM\u2010TR\u201085\u201011 April; NTIS publication AD\u2010A154283."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-8059-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1978.44.3.438","article-title":"Temperature and corticosterone relationships in microwave\u2010exposed rats","volume":"44","author":"Lotz GW","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/RS012i06Sp00139"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/50.5.1243"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","first-page":"163","article-title":"Evaluation of minimal data and two new rank order statistics arising in its consideration","volume":"50","author":"Mantel N","year":"1966","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","first-page":"719","article-title":"Statistical aspects of the analysis of data from retrospective studies of disease","volume":"22","author":"Mantel N","year":"1959","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03610738008258359"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09553007314551331"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1984.10478091"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","unstructured":"NCRP(1986): Biological effects and exposure criteria for radio frequency electromagnetic fields. Report 86. Bethesda Maryland: National Council of Radiation Protection and Measurements."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1975.38.4.630"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"Handbook of Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields","author":"Polk C","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-4460-6_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3429111"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","first-page":"95","article-title":"Long\u2010term study of 435 MHz radio\u2010frequency radiation on blood\u2010borne end points in cannulated rats, Part I: Engineering consideration, and Part II: Methods, results and summary","volume":"23","author":"Toler J","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Microw Power EM Energy"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1975.tb35978.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","first-page":"33992","article-title":"Guidelines for carcinogenicity risk assessment","volume":"51","year":"1986","journal-title":"Fed Register"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","first-page":"482","article-title":"The open\u2010field test: A critical review","volume":"83","author":"Walsh RN","year":"1976","journal-title":"Psychol Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000407263"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/RS012i06Sp00209"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-125-32172"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(71)90078-3"}],"container-title":["Bioelectromagnetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fbem.2250130605","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/bem.2250130605","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T13:39:04Z","timestamp":1698154744000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bem.2250130605"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1992,1]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/bem.2250130605"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bem.2250130605","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0197-8462","1521-186X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0197-8462","type":"print"},{"value":"1521-186X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1992,1]]}}}