{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:32:00Z","timestamp":1786977120037,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007128","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024JC\u2010YBMS\u2010637"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JC\u2010YBMS\u2010637"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007128","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Bioelectromagnetics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Osteoporosis (OP) is a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by low bone mass and the deterioration of bone microarchitecture, which collectively increase bone fragility and fracture risk. The condition primarily arises from a metabolic imbalance in which bone resorption outstrips bone formation, leading to a net decrease in bone mass. Current pharmacological treatments, such as bisphosphonates and hormone replacement therapy, are limited by side effects and high costs. In contrast, electromagnetic fields (EMFs) represent a non\u2010invasive and cost\u2010effective physical intervention that has shown promise in promoting bone formation and slowing the progression of OP. This review summarizes current findings on the mechanisms by which EMFs influence bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes, and discusses challenges in clinical translation, including parameter optimization and mechanistic complexity. Future research should focus on establishing standardized protocols and leveraging advanced technologies to fully realize the therapeutic potential of EMFs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.70035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T12:40:02Z","timestamp":1765629602000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Modulation of Bone Metabolic Balance by Electromagnetic Fields as a Novel Strategy for Osteoporosis Treatment"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7211-1680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicines The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University Xi'an People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9749-8356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ke\u2010ming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundamental Medical Science Research Laboratories The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, People's Liberation Army of China Lanzhou People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8774-0471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhuo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicines The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University Xi'an People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S89669"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-010-1724-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15368378.2016.1138124"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2319\/060809-318.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2020.115266"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.12.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.10078"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.10118"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.04.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2011.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2008.445"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032196"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/jkst.24931"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.54519.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(96)00070-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-023-00313-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","first-page":"1508","article-title":"[Low\u2010Frequency Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields Promotes Rat Osteoblast Differentiation in Vitro Through cAMP\/PKA Signal Pathway]","volume":"36","author":"Fang Q. Q.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-06866-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","first-page":"0014","article-title":"The Endoplasmic Reticulum Proteostasis Network and Bone Disease","volume":"1471","author":"Farhan H.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends in Molecular Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI162519"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23499-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-023-00866-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proghi.2008.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-019-00554-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8935750"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.1999.11719576"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20163964"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.4772"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202101577RR"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","first-page":"988","article-title":"Low\u2010Frequency Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields Promote Osteoblast Mineralization and Maturation of Rats Through the PC2\/sAC\/PKA\/CREB Signaling Pathway","volume":"42","author":"He Y.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","first-page":"1159","article-title":"Effect of Polycystin2 on Differentiation and Maturation of Osteoblasts Promoted by Low\u2010Frequency Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields","volume":"38","author":"He Y.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2017.09.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2014.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-011-1471-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-11-188"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000036881"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-010-1447-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2260"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2009.09.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-017-0351-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09553000801998875"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.24171"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2023.04.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tec.2014.0216"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10065-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15368370701572837"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.04.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2022.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.347419"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-025-03417-4","article-title":"Enhancing Radiosensitivity of Osteosarcoma by ITGB3 Knockdown: A Mechanism Linked to Enhanced Osteogenic Differentiation Status Through JNK\/c\u2010JUN\/RUNX2 Pathway Activation","volume":"44","author":"Lian Q.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research: CR"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/ANNALS-25-00474"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.21791"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","first-page":"48","article-title":"[Curative Effects of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields on Postmenopausal Osteoporosis]","volume":"31","author":"Liu H.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sheng wu yi xue gong cheng xue za zhi = Journal of biomedical engineering = Shengwu yixue gongchengxue zazhi"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.21770"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2025.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(02)00137-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2024.12736"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-008-0782-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-118-5-199303010-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-016-0312-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.22207"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215513505299"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5402853"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/THC-220642"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","first-page":"245","article-title":"[Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields Stimulating Osteogenic Differentiation and Maturation Involves Primary cilia\u2010PI3K\/AKT Pathway]","volume":"51","author":"Ren Q.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Beijing da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Peking University. Health sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.965181"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20373"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20409"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","first-page":"158","article-title":"[Effect of Low\u2010Frequency Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields on Activity of Rat Calvarial Osteoblasts Through IGF\u20101R\/NO Signaling Pathway]","volume":"48","author":"Shao J.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zhejiang da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Zhejiang University. Medical sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00655.2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26161"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202503254"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.20535"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M117.809517"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.21867"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-013-9764-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202404190"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.20472"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202400346"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2220\/biomedres.45.187"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650050504"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-186X(1998)19:2<75::AID-BEM3>3.0.CO;2-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107887"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/011574888X284911240131100909"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.22076"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1333566"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252313136"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.22070"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27734"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0314199"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_93_1","article-title":"Electromagnetic Fields Regulate Iron Metabolism: From Mechanisms to Applications","volume":"1232","author":"Wang S.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2025.156159"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-018-04822-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27098"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15368370802289604"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14715\/cmb\/2022.68.12.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.06.066"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2016.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-025-02932-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2015.01.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-023-00277-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10123519"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-017-1161-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.20560"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202411209"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.7.3597"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2025.123532"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.907815"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/term.1864"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000369722"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.22258"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_114_1","first-page":"8","article-title":"Regulation of Osteoclast Differentiation by Static Magnetic Fields","volume":"36","author":"Zhang J.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.11.056"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1164656"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202416536"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-023-00306-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-012-2499-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3704"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.11606"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2012.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-014-0439-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.22012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2011.06.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.22423"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.21794"}],"container-title":["Bioelectromagnetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/bem.70035","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T12:04:48Z","timestamp":1766750688000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bem.70035"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":126,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/bem.70035"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bem.70035","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0197-8462","1521-186X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0197-8462","type":"print"},{"value":"1521-186X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70035"}}