{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T04:06:31Z","timestamp":1694664391585},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,11]],"date-time":"2008-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1226361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ber Wissenschaftsgesch"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Feindliche intellektuelle Umwelt? Kritiker und Gegenkritiker von Naturwissenschaft und Technik in Westdeutschland nach 1945.<\/jats:bold> Paul Forman stellt in seiner Arbeit \u00fcber Physik in der Weimarer Republik die These auf, dass in diesem Kontext von Niederlage und politischer Krise eine irrationalistische Str\u00f6mung innerhalb deutscher intellektueller Geschichte pl\u00f6tzlich gest\u00e4rkt wurde. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg war die Lage Deutschlands noch katastrophaler, dennoch kam ein vergleichbares Klima von Irrationalismus nur sehr begrenzt auf. Der Zusammenbruch des Nationalsozialismus war gen\u00fcgend rational erkl\u00e4rbar, ohne einen philosophischen Fatalismus als Grund anzuf\u00fchren. F.G. J\u00fcnger, als eine Ausnahme, setzte dem eine autonome, d\u00e4monische Technik als Erkl\u00e4rungsmodell gegen\u00fcber. Viele Kulturkritiker der damaligen Zeit fanden solche Betrachtungen unrealistisch und favorisierten stattdessen eine Integration technischer und humanistischer Interpretationsans\u00e4tze. Auch eine neue Welle einer teilweise apokalyptischen Umweltkrisen\u2010Literatur nach dem Krieg st\u00fctzte sich auf spezifisch wissenschaftliche Analysen und nicht auf einen generellen gesellschaftlichen Kulturpessimismus.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Hostile Environmental Intellectuals? Critiques and Counter\u2010Critiques of Science and Technology in West Germany after 1945.<\/jats:bold> Paul Forman, in his work on physics in Weimar Germany, advanced the thesis that an irrationalist current within German intellectual history was then suddenly exacerbated in a context of defeat and political crisis. After World War II, Germany's situation was if any thing even more catastrophic; nevertheless, a comparable climate of irrationalism arose only in a limited way. The collapse of National Socialism was, in effect, sufficiently explicable on rational grounds to resort to a philosophical fatalism. F. G. J\u00fcnger, as a possible exception, put forward a theory of autonomous, demonic technology as an explanation; many cultural critics of the time, however, found these views unrealistic and favored an integration of technical and humanistic approaches. Moreover, even a new wave of (sometimes apocalyptic) literature of environmental crisis focused on specific scientifically analyses rather than a diffuse cultural pessimism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bewi.200801335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,11]],"date-time":"2008-11-11T09:42:43Z","timestamp":1226396563000},"page":"393-406","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hostile Environmental Intellectuals? Critiques and Counter\u2010Critiques of Science and Technology in West Germany after 1945"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Richard H.","family":"Beyler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paul Forman Weimar Culture Causality and Quantum Theory 1918\u20131927: Adaptation by German Physicists and Mathematicians to a Hostile Intellectual Environment Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences3 (1971) 1\u2013115; here p. 4.","DOI":"10.2307\/27757315"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","unstructured":"P. Forman Weimar Culture Causality and Quantum Theory 1918\u20131927 (see note 1) p. 18."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","unstructured":"David Aubin in his paper War Cultures in Postwar French Mathematics: A Critique of the Bourbaki and Forman Thesis at the conference The Cultural Alchemy of the Exact Sciences (University of British Columbia 23\u201325 M\u00e4rz 2007) employed the apt phrase \u201cthe irrationality of defeat\u201d to describe this mood."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","unstructured":"Some historians challenge the extent to which this irrationalist viewpoint was indeed in the predominant position; see e.g. the historiographical discussion in Elizabeth Harvey Culture and Society in Weimar Germany: The Impact of Modernism and Mass Culture in: Mary Fulbrook (ed.) German History since 1800 London\/New York: Arnold 1997 pp. 279\u2013297. Manfred Schr\u00f6ter an early interpreter of Spengler averred in 1922 that most reaction to Spengler was negative largely due to the misconception (thus Schr\u00f6ter) that Spengler included Germany with the category of the \u2018Abendland\u2019 rather than as a nexus to a rising new culture; see Manfred Schr\u00f6ter Der Streit um Spengler. Kritik seiner Kritiker M\u00fcnchen: Beck 1922. (We will return to Schr\u00f6ter's work after 1945 below.) Nevertheless the examples marshaled by Forman leave little doubt that a declensionist mood was widely felt among German intellectuals and scientists in this period."},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_1_5_2.1","unstructured":"Early examples from a rather humanistic perspective are writings by Klaus Zweiling (himself a mathematician by background) editor of the philosphical organ of the Socialist Unity Party: Klaus Zweiling Perspektive der Wissenschaft Einheit1 (1946) 272-287"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_1_5_2.2","unstructured":"Klaus Zweiling Diskussion der Weltanschauungen. Zum Physiker\u2010 und Philosophen\u2010Kongre\u00df in Clausthal Einheit3 (1948) 567-68. Zweiling was purged from the editorship in 1950. A later highly polemical example of counter\u2010critique against supposed bourgeois mystification is Hermann Ley D\u00e4mon Technik? Berlin Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften 1961. The cultural role of science and technology in the early German Democratic Republic is a major topic in itself and beyond the scope of this essay. For an introduction see Dieter Hoffman Kristie Macrakis (eds.) Science under Socialism: East Germany in Comparative Perspective Cambridge\/London: Harvard University Press 1999."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. Forman Weimar Culture Causality and Quantum Theory 1918\u20131927 (see note 1) p. 4.","DOI":"10.2307\/27757315"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","unstructured":"Overviews include Hermann Glaser Kulturgeschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 3 vols. M\u00fcnchen: C. Hanser 1985\u20131989; Jost Hermand Kultur im Wiederaufbau. Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1945\u20131965 M\u00fcnchen: Nymphenburger 1986; Axel Schildt Arnold Sywottek (eds.) Modernisierung im Wiederaufbau. Die westdeutsche Gesellschaft der 50er Jahre (Forschungsinstitut der Friedrich\u2010Ebert\u2010Stiftung Politik\u2010 und Gesellschaftsgeschichte 33) Bonn: J. H. W. Dietz Nachf. 1993; Axel Schildt Moderne Zeiten. Freizeit Massenmedien und \u2018Zeitgeist\u2019 in der Bundesrepublik der 50er Jahre (Hamburger Beitr\u00e4ge zur Sozial\u2010 und Zeitgeschichte 31) Hamburg: Christians 1995; Hanna Schissler (ed.) The Miracle Years: A Cultural History of West Germany 1949\u20131968 Princeton\/Oxford: Princeton University Press 2001."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","unstructured":"On Allied (particuarly American) political and economic agendas and the social role of science see Jeffrey M. Diefendorf Axel Frohn Hermann\u2010Josef Rupieper (eds.) American Policy and the Reconstruction of West Germany 1945\u20131955 (Publications of the German Historical Institute) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1993 esp. the essays by Raymond G. Stokes James F. Tent and Diethelm Prowe; Richard H. Beyler Morris F. Low Science Policy in Post\u20101945 West Germany and Japan: Between Ideology and Economics in: Mark Walker (ed.) Science and Ideology: A Comparative History London\/New York: Routledge 2003 pp. 97\u2013123; Detlef Junker (ed.) The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War 1945\u20131990: A Handbook 2 vols. (Publications of the German Historical Institute) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2004 esp. the essays by Michael J. Neufeld Frank Trommler Rebecca Boehling James F. Tent Jessica C. E. Gienow\u2010Hecht and Mitchell G. Ash; on the broader European context see John Krige American Hegemony and the Postwar Reconstruction of Science in Europe Cambridge\/London: MIT Press 2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"See Jeffrey Herf Belated Pessmism: Technology and Twentieth\u2010Century German Conservative Intellectuals in: Yaron Ezrahi Everett Mendelsohn Howard Segal (eds.) Technology Pessimism and Postmodernism (Sociology of the Sciences 16) Dordrecht\/Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers 1994 repr. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press 1995 pp. 115\u2013136.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-0876-8_8"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_1_10_2.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"This shift is analyzed by Maria Mitchell Materialism and Secularism: CDU Politicians and National Socialism 1945-1949 Journal of Modern History67 (1995) 278-308","DOI":"10.1086\/245092"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_1_10_2.2","unstructured":"Maria D. Mitchell Stunde Nullin German Politics? Confessional Culture Realpolitik and the Organization of Christian Democracy in: Geoffrey J. Giles (ed.) Stunde Null: The End and the Beginning Fifty Years Ago Washington: German Historical Institute 1997 pp. 25-38."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","unstructured":"On the development of the controversy see Mark Cioc Pax atomica:The Nuclear Defense Debate in West Germany During the Adenauer Era New York: Columbia University Press 1988; Jeffrey Boutwell The German Nuclear Dilemma Ithaca\/London: Cornell University Press 1990 pp. 20\u201336; Klaus A. Meier The Federal Republic of Germany as a \u2018Battlefield\u2019 in American Nuclear Strategy 1953\u20131955 in: J. M. Diefendorf A. Frohn H.\u2010J. Rupieper (eds.) American Policy and the Reconstruction of West Germany(see note 8) pp. 395\u2013409; on broad\u2010based enthusiasm for the \u2018peaceful\u2019 atom see e.g. Joachim Radkau Kernenergie\u2010Entwicklung in der Bundesrepublik. Ein Lernproze\u00df? Geschichte und Gesellschaft4 (1978) 195\u2013222 on p. 196; Joachim Radkau Aufstieg und Krise der deutschen Atomwirtschaft. Verdr\u00e4ngte Alternativen in der Kerntechnik und der Ursprung der nuklearen Kontroverse Reinbek bei Hamburg Rowohlt 1983 chap. III.2 Der Mythos der \u2018Atomzeitalter\u2019. Friedliche Atomnutzung als Integrationsideologie der 50er Jahren; Michael Eckert Maria Osietzki Wissenschaft f\u00fcr Macht und Markt. Kernforschung und Mikroelektronik in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland M\u00fcnchen: C. H. Beck 1989."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","unstructured":"See Hans\u2010Georg Betz Postmodern Politics in Germany: The Politics of Resentment New York: St. Martin's Press 1991 pp. 42\u201343; Andrei S. Markovits Philip S. Gorski The German Left: Red Green and Beyond New York: Oxford University Press 1993 pp. 29\u2013112; Frank Uek\u00f6tter Umweltgeschichte im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert (Enzyklop\u00e4die deutscher Geschichte 31) M\u00fcnchen: R. Oldenbourg 2007 pp. 32\u201333; Joachim Radkau Natur und Macht: Eine Weltgeschichte der Umwelt M\u00fcnchen: Beck 2002; in English asNature and Power: A Global History of the Enrivonment trans. Thomas Dunlap (Publications of the German Historical Institute) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2008 pp. 251\u201353."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","unstructured":"Examples with widely differing argumentation include: Anna Bramwell Ecology in the 20th Century: A History New Haven\/London: Yale University Press 1989 pp. 175\u2013208; Raymond H. Dominick III The Environmental Movement in Germany: Prophets and Pioneers 1871\u20131971 Bloomington\/Indianapolis: Indiana University Press 1992 pp. 81\u2013115; Joachim Radkau Frank Uek\u00f6tter (eds.) Naturschutz und Nationalsozialismus (Geschichte des Natur\u2010 und Umweltschutzes 1) Frankfurt\/New York: Campus Verlag 2003; Thomas M. Lekan Imagining the Nation in Nature: Landscape Preservation and German Identity 1885\u20131945 Cambridge\/London Harvard University Press 2004; Franz\u2010Josef Br\u00fcggemeier Mark Cioc Thomas Zeller (eds.) How Green Were the Nazis? Nature Environment and Nation in the Third Reich Athens: Ohio University Press 2005; David Blackbourn The Conquest of Nature: Water Landscape and the Making of Modern Germany New York\/London: W. W. Norton 2006 pp. 251\u2013309; Frank Uekoetter The Green and the Brown: A History of Conservation in Nazi Germany Cambridge\/New York: Cambridge University Press 2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","unstructured":"Albrecht Lorenz Ludwig Trepl Das Avocado\u2010Syndrom. Gr\u00fcne Schale\u2013brauner Kern. Faschistische Strukturen unter dem Deckmantel der \u00d6kologie Politische \u00d6kologie34 (1993) 17\u201324; Janet Biehl Peter Staudenmeier Ecofascism: Lessons from the German Experience Edinburgh\/San Francisco: AK Press 1995; see also Alison Statham Ecology and the German Right in: Colin Riordan (ed.) Green Thought in German Culture: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives Cardiff: University of Wales Press 1997 pp. 125\u2013138; Axel Goodbody (ed.) The Culture of German Environmentalism: Anxieties Visions Realities New York: Berghahn 2002."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manfred Schr\u00f6ter Untergangs\u2010Philosophie? Von Hegel zu Spengler (M\u00fcnchener Hochschulschriften 5) M\u00fcnchen: Leibniz Verlag 1948 p. 12.","DOI":"10.1515\/9783486776119"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","unstructured":"M. Schr\u00f6ter Untergangs\u2010Philosophie? (see note 15) p. 14."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","unstructured":"M. Schr\u00f6ter Untergangs\u2010Philosophie? (see note 15) pp. 10\u201312 quotation on p. 12."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","unstructured":"M. Schr\u00f6ter Untergangs\u2010Philosophie? (see note 15) p. 15."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","unstructured":"The literature on Heidegger's approach to technology is vast; a good guide is Michael E. Zimmerman Heidegger's Confrontation with Modernity: Technology Politics Art Bloomington: Indiana University Press 1990."},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_1_20_2.1","unstructured":"Martin Heidegger Die Frage nach der Technik in: Bayerische Akademie der sch\u00f6nen K\u00fcnste (ed.) Die K\u00fcnste im technischen Zeitalter M\u00fcnchen: R. Oldenbourg 1956 pp. 48-72"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_1_20_2.2","unstructured":"repr. in: Martin Heidegger Die Technik und die Kehre Pfullingen: Neske 1962 pp. 5-47 here p. 41"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_1_20_2.3","unstructured":"in English as Martin Heidegger The Question Concerning Technology and Other Essays trans. William Lovitt New York: Harper & Row 1977 pp. 3-35 here p. 34."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","unstructured":"Armin Mohler Der Traum vom Naturparadies. Anmerkungen zum \u00f6kologischen Gedankengut Berlin: Siemens 1978 p. 17. This is an odd little book: on the one hand Mohler seems to possess a genuine admiration for J\u00fcnger; on the other hand the text is on the whole an attack against the environmentalism sponsored by a major industrial concern."},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_1_22_2.1","unstructured":"On the publication history see Anton H. Richter A Thematic Approach to the Works of F. G. J\u00fcnger (European University Studies ser. I 467) Bern\/Frankfurt a.M.: Peter Lang 1982 p. 59"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_1_22_2.2","unstructured":"Ulrich Fr\u00f6schle Volker Haase (eds.) Inmitten dieser Welt der Zerst\u00f6rung Stuttgart: Klett\u2010Cotta 2001 p. 49."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","unstructured":"Friedrich Georg J\u00fcnger Die Perfektion der Technik Frankfurt a.M.: Vittorio Klostermann 1946; in English asThe Failure of Techology: Perfection without Purpose trans. F. D. Wieck Hinsdale: Henry Regnery 1949; for discussion see A. H. Richter A Thematic Approach to the Works of F. G. J\u00fcnger(see note 22); J. Herf Belated Pessimism (see note 9) pp. 115\u2013136; Friedrich Strack (ed.) Titan Technik: Ernst und Friedrich Georg J\u00fcnger \u00fcber das technische Zeitalter W\u00fcrzburg: K\u00f6nigshausen & Neumann 2001."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","unstructured":"Helmut G\u00fcnther Max Bense Die Perfektion der Technik. Bemerkungen \u00fcber ein Buch von F. G. J\u00fcnger Merkur2 (1948) 301\u2013310 here p. 306."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","unstructured":"H. G\u00fcnther M. Bense Die Perfektion der Technik(see note 24) p. 310; cf. A. H. Richter A Thematic Approach to the Works of F. G. J\u00fcnger(see note 22) p. 66."},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_1_26_2.1","unstructured":"Franz Borkenau Technik und Fortschritt Merkur3 (1949) 626-637 here p. 633"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_1_26_2.2","unstructured":"cf. A. H. Richter A Thematic Approach to the Works of F. G. J\u00fcnger (see note 22) p. 67. In an earlier reflection on the historical implications of the atomic bomb Borkenau draws sobering but not despairing conclusions for the fate of non\u2010authoritarian societies of the West: Nach der Atombombe Monat1 (1949) 9-16."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","unstructured":"Walter Mannzen Die Perfektion der Technik Ruf1 no. 6 (1 Nov. 1946) 13\u201315 here p. 15."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","unstructured":"Joachim G. Leith\u00e4user Im Gruselkabinett der Technik: Kritische Bemerkungen zur Mode des romantischen Pessimismus Monat3 (1951) 474\u2013486; Joachim G. Leith\u00e4user Die zweite Sch\u00f6pfung der Welt. Eine Geschichte der gro\u00dfen technischen Erfindungen von heute Berlin: Safari\u2010Verlag 1954; cf. A. H. Richter A Thematic Approach to the Works of F. G. J\u00fcnger(see note 22) p. 67."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","unstructured":"Hans Schwippert (ed.) Mensch und Technik. Erzeugnis\u2013Form\u2013Gebrauch (Darmst\u00e4dter Gespr\u00e4ch 3) Darmstadt: Neue Darmst\u00e4dter Verlagsanstalt 1952 pp. 36 39 43 87\u201388 90."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_2","unstructured":"Friedrich Georg J\u00fcnger Sprache und Kalk\u00fcl in Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften (ed.) Die K\u00fcnste im technischen Zeitalter(see note 20) pp. 86\u2013104; here p. 92."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_2","unstructured":"Friedrich Meinecke Die Deutsche Katastrophe. Betrachtungen und Erinnerungen Wiesbaden: Eberhard Brockhaus 1946 3rd ed. 1947; in English asThe German Catastrophe: Reflections and Recollections trans. Sidney B. Fay Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1950 repr. Boston: Beacon Press 1963; on the work and its reception see e.g. H. Glaser Kulturgeschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland(see note 7) vol. 1 pp. 100\u2013102; Richard H. Beyler The Concept of Specialization in Debates on the Role of Science in Post\u2010War Germany in: Dieter Hoffmann Fabio Bevilacqua Roger H. Stuewer (eds.) The Emergence of Modern Physics Pavia: Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Pavia 1996 pp. 389\u2013401."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_2","unstructured":"Karl Jaspers Unsere Zukunft und Goethe (Goethe\u2010Schriften 3) Z\u00fcrich: Artemis\u2010Verlag 1947 p. 7."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_2","unstructured":"K. Jaspers Unsere Zukunft und Goethe(see note 32) p. 21."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_2","unstructured":"K. Jaspers Unsere Zukunft und Goethe(see note 32) pp. 8\u201311."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_2","unstructured":"On Jaspers's situation vis\u2010\u00e0\u2010vis contemporary cultural politics see H. Glaser Kulturgeschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (see note 7) vol. 1 pp. 93\u201395; J\u00fcrgen C. Hess Hartmut Lehmann Volker Sellin (eds.) Heidelberg 1945 (Transatlantische historische Studien 5) Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag 1996 esp. the essays by Klaus von Beyme and Anson Rabinbach."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karl Jaspers Die Idee der Universit\u00e4t Berlin: Springer 1946; in English asThe Idea of the University trans. H. A. T. Reiche and H. F. Vanderschmidt Boston: Beacon Press 1959 p. 92; see also discussion in W. Mannzen Die Perfektion der Technik (see note 27) p. 13.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-43161-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_2","unstructured":"Karl Jaspers Vernunft und Widervernunft in unserer Zeit M\u00fcnchen: R. Piper 1950 in English asReason and Anti\u2010Reason in Our Time trans. Stanley Godman New Haven: Yale University Press 1952 p. 30; see also pp. 32\u201333 38."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_2","unstructured":"See among many recent examples Klaus Hentschel Gerhard Rammer Physicists at the University of G\u00f6ttingen 1945\u20131955 Physics in Perspective3 (2001) 189\u2013209; Carola Sachse Persilscheinkultur. Zum Umgang mit der NS\u2010Vergangenheit in der Kaiser\u2010Wilhelm\u2010\/Max\u2010Planck\u2010Gesellschaft in: Bernd Weisbrod (ed.) Akademische Vergangenheitspolitik. Beitr\u00e4ge zur Wissenschaftskultur der Nachkriegszeit G\u00f6ttingen: Wallstein 2002 pp. 217\u201346; Richard Beyler Alexei Kojevnikov Jessica Wang Purges in Comparative Perspective: Rules for Inclusion and Exclusion in the Scientific Community under Political Pressure Osiris20 (2005) 23\u201348; Michael Sch\u00fcring Minervas verstossene Kinder.Vertriebene Wissenschaftler und die Vergangenheitspolitik der Max\u2010Planck\u2010Gesellschaft G\u00f6ttingen: Wallstein 2006; Dieter Hoffmann Mark Walker (eds.) Physiker zwischen Autonomie und Anpassung Weinheim: Wiley\u2010VCH 2007 esp. the essays by Michael Eckert Klaus Hentschel and Gerhard Rammer; Klaus Hentschel Zur Mentalit\u00e4t deutscher Physiker in der fr\u00fchen Nachkriegszeit 1945\u20131949 Heidelberg: Synchron 2005; in English asThe Mental Aftermath: The Mentality of Germany Physicists 1945\u20131949 trans. Ann M. Hentschel Oxford\/New York: Oxford University Press 2007."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_2","unstructured":"See R. H. Beyler M. F. Low Science Policy in Post\u2010War West Germany and Japan (see note 8)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_2","unstructured":"A. Metternich Die W\u00fcste droht. Die gef\u00e4hrdete Nahrungsgrundlage der menschlichen Gesellschaft Bremen: Friedrich Tr\u00fcjen 1947 p. 11; discussed in R. Dominick Enviromental Movement in Germany (see note 9) pp. 148\u2013149; D. Blackbourn The Conquest of Nature (see note 9) p. 328; J. Radkau Nature and Power (see note 12) p. 266."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_2","unstructured":"Erich Hornsmann \u2026\ufe01 sonst Untergang. Die Antwort der Erde auf die Mi\u00dfachtung ihrer Gesetze Rheinhausen: Verlagsanstalt Rheinhausen 1951; in a similar vein focusing on forestry; Erich Hornsmann Der Wald: Eine Grundlage unseres Daseins Bern: Francke Verlag 1955; discussion in Jost Hermand Gr\u00fcne Utopien in Deutschland. Zur Geschichte des \u00f6kologischen Bewu\u00dftseins Frankfurt a.M.: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag 1991 p. 122; R. Dominick Enviromental Movement in Germany (see note 13) pp. 149\u2013150; D. Blackbourn The Conquest of Nature(see note 13) p. 329."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_2","unstructured":"Robert Jungk Die Zukunft hat schon begonnen. Amerikas Allmacht und Ohnmacht Bern\/Stuttgart: Alfred Scherz Verlag 1952; in Englishas Tomorrow is Already Here trans. Marguerite Waldman New York: Simon and Schuster 1954; discussion in Jost Hermand Gr\u00fcne Utopien in Deutschland. Zur Geschichte des \u00f6kologischen Bewu\u00dftseins Frankfurt a.M.: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag 1991 p.\u2009122; Hans\u2010Peter Vierhaus Umweltbewu\u00dftsein von oben. Zum Verfassungsgebot demokratischer Willensbildung (Schriften zum Umweltrecht 48) Berlin: Duncker & Humblot 1994 pp. 146\u2013147."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_2","unstructured":"Robert Jungk Heller als tausend Sonnen. Das Schicksal der Atomforscher Bern\/etc.: Scherz 1956; in English asBrighter Than a Thousand Suns trans.James Cleugh San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich 1958; on the writing and reception of this book see Mark Walker Nazi Science:Myth Truth and the German Atomic Bomb New York\/London: Plenum Press 1995 pp. 247\u2013259; Cathryn Carson and Michael Gubser Science Advising and Science Policy in Post\u2010War West Germany: The Example of the Deutscher Forschungsrat Minerva40 (2002) 147\u2013179; Arne Schirrmacher Dreier M\u00e4nner Arbeit in der fr\u00fchen Bundesrepublik. Max Born Werner Heisenberg und Pascual Jordan als politische Grenzg\u00e4nger (Preprint 296) Berlin: Max\u2010Planck\u2010Institut f\u00fcr Wissenschaftsgeshichte 2005; as well as Cathryn Carson's forthcoming biography of Werner Heisenberg."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_2","unstructured":"See the series Modelle f\u00fcr eine neue Welt edited by Robert Jungk and Hans Josef Mundt: vol. 1 Der Griff nach der Zukunft. Planen und Freiheit; vol. 2 Wege ins neue Jahrtausend. Wettkampf der Planungen Ost und West; vol. 3 Deutschland ohne Konzeption? Am Beginn einer neuen Epoche; vol. 4 Horizonte 1984. Wissenschaftler und Techniker entwerfen unsere Welt von morgen; M\u00fcnchen\/etc.: Kurt Desch 1964; Jungk describes his trajectory (rather tendentiously but perhaps understandably so) inTrotzdem. Mein Leben f\u00fcr die Zukunft M\u00fcnchen: C. Hanser 1993."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_2","unstructured":"G\u00fcnther Schwab Der Tanz mit dem Teufel. Ein abenteuerliches Interview Hannover: Adolf Sponholtz Verlag 1958; discussion in R. Dominick Enviromental Movement in Germany(see note 13) pp. 152\u2013159; H.\u2010P. Vierhaus Umweltbewu\u00dftsein von oben pp. 145\u2013146; D. Blackbourn Conquest of Nature(see note 13) p. 329; J. Radkau Nature and Power(see note 12) pp. 270\u2013271."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_2","unstructured":"See Jerry Z. Muller How Vital Was the Geist in Heidelberg in 1945? Some Skeptical Reflections in J. C. Hess H. Lehman V. Sellin (eds.) Heidelberg 1945(see note 35) pp. 197\u2013200."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_2","unstructured":"See the references in note 38."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_2","unstructured":"I take this to be a point also made by J. Radkau Nature and Power(see note 12) pp. 264\u2013265."}],"container-title":["Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fbewi.200801335","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/bewi.200801335","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T08:30:34Z","timestamp":1694593834000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bewi.200801335"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/bewi.200801335"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bewi.200801335","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0170-6233","1522-2365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0170-6233","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-2365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2008-12-12","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}