{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T12:07:18Z","timestamp":1783166838466,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,16]],"date-time":"2010-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1281916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ber Wissenschaftsgesch"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Ein geeignetes Land. Zum Verh\u00e4ltnis von Schwedens Bev\u00f6lkerungspolitik der Zwischenkriegszeit und Familienplanung in Indien nach der Unabh\u00e4ngigkeit.<\/jats:bold> Der Aufsatz geht der ausgepr\u00e4gten Kontinuit\u00e4t nach, die zwischen Schwedens nationaler Bev\u00f6lkerungspolitik und der Beteiligung schwedischer Experten an internationalen und transnationalen Programmen zur Bev\u00f6lkerungskontrolle in der Nachkriegszeit bestand. Die Autorin argumentiert, dass das schwedische Engagement f\u00fcr Bev\u00f6lkerungskontrolle in der Dritten Welt, insbesondere in S\u00fcdasien, auf der \u00dcberzeugung fu\u00dfte, dass Armut und Unterentwicklung auf mehreren Ebenen zugleich bek\u00e4mpft werden m\u00fcssten, wobei der Bev\u00f6lkerungskontrolle eine herausragende Stellung zukommen sollte. In seinen ersten bilateralen Hilfsprogrammen empahl Schweden Ma\u00dfnahmen zur Geburtenkontrolle vor allem deshalb, weil dieser Ansatz zu jener Zeit noch zu umstritten war, nicht zuletzt aus religi\u00f6sen Gr\u00fcnden, um auf multilateraler Ebene durchgesetzt zu werden, und weil schwedische Experten als besonders s\u00e4kularisiert, aufgekl\u00e4rt und liberal galten. Die schwedische Expertise im Bereich von Sterilisationen war in diesem Zusammenhang nicht entscheidend. Als schwedische Experten sich in S\u00fcdasien etablierten, setzten sie stattdessen anfangs auf die Rhythmus\u2010Methode und andere empf\u00e4ngnisverh\u00fctende Methoden, die auf individuelle Selbstkontrolle setzten.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>A Suitable Country: The Relationship between Sweden's Interwar Population Policy and Family Planning in Postindependence India. <\/jats:bold>This article delineates a strong continuity, particularly in terms of personnel, between interwar domestic population policies and Sweden's postwar participation in international and transnational population\u2010control programs. It argues that Swedish engagement in population control and family planning in the emerging Third World, and particularly in South Asia, was motivated by the conviction that poverty and underdevelopment must be attacked on several fronts simultaneously, with population control being one of the most important. In its first bilateral aid programs Sweden would prioritize the promotion of birth control primarily because it was still too controversial to be promoted multilaterally, not least for religious reasons; and because Swedish experts were regarded as especially liberal, rational, and secularized. Sterilization expertise played no decisive part in this continuity. When first establishing themselves in South Asia, Swedish experts would recommend the rhythm method and other contraceptive methods that depended on self\u2010control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bewi.201001470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,16]],"date-time":"2010-08-16T11:56:37Z","timestamp":1281959797000},"page":"297-320","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Suitable Country: The Relationship between Sweden's Interwar Population Policy and Family Planning in Postindependence India"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Annika","family":"Berg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_2","unstructured":"An earlier version of this text was presented at the conference \u201cA World of Populations: Twentieth\u2010Century Demographic Discourses and Practices in Global Perspective\u201d held on 29\u201330 Mai 2009 at the German Historical Institute Washington D.C."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","unstructured":"Signe H\u00f6jer Befolkningsproblem och f\u00f6delsekontroll i Indien Tiden45 (1952) 82\u201391 on p. 91."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","unstructured":"Grete Gaulin Sterilisera dom fattiga! Arena6 (2008) 14\u201319 on p. 15. While Gaulin refers to historians Sunniva Engh and Matthew Connelly it must be emphazised that neither of those argues in this simplified manner."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","unstructured":"Mattias Tyd\u00e9n Fr\u00e5n politik till praktik: De svenska steriliseringslagarna 1935\u20131975 Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International 2002."},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_1_5_2.1","unstructured":"Sunniva Engh Population Control in the 20th Century: Scandinavian Aid to the Indian Family Planning Programme(doctoral dissertation Oxford University 2005) chaps. 4-5"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_1_5_2.2","unstructured":"Sunniva Engh Det internasjonale folkhemmet? Styringsmentalitet i velferdsstat og bistand in: Christina Florin Elisabeth Elg\u00e1n Gro Hagemann (eds.) Den sj\u00e4lvstyrande medborgaren? Ny historia om r\u00e4ttvisa demokrati och v\u00e4lf\u00e4rd Stockholm: Institutet f\u00f6r framtidsstudier 2007 p. 131-155 146-149."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matthew Connelly Population Control is History: New Perspectives on the International Campaign to Limit Population Growth Comparative Study of Society and History45 (2003) 122\u2013147 on p. 140.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0010417503000069"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","unstructured":"Simon Schaffer Lissa Roberts Kapil Raj James Delbourgo (eds.) The Brokered World: Go\u2010Betweens and Global Intelligence 1770\u20131820 Sagamore Beach: Watson Publishing International 2009 p. xix."},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_1_8_2.1","unstructured":"When I speak of experts I refer to people who are supposed to possess a more or less exclusive knowledge about how to solve different social problems. Expertise thus simultanously refers to knowledge about how things should be done and to the people who represent this knowledge. Nikolas Rose Inventing Our Selves: Psychology Power and Personhood Cambridge New York Melbourne: Cambridge University Press 1998 p. 86"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_1_8_2.2","unstructured":"Zygmunt Bauman Modernity and the Holocaust Cambridge: Polity Press 1991 p. 196."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Policy transfer can be defined as processes in which \u201cknowledge about policies administrative arrangements institutions and ideas in one political setting (past or present) is used in the development of policies administrative arrangements institutions and ideas in another political setting\u201d. David P. Dolowitz and David Marsh Learning from Abroad: The Role of Policy Transfer in Contemporary Policy\u2010Making Governance13 (2000) 5\u201323 on p. 5. On technology transfer as motive and justification for colonization see e.g. Michael Adas Machines as the Measure of Men: Science Technology and Ideologies of Western Dominance Ithaca: Cornell University Press 1989. May\u2010Britt \u00d6hman scrutinizes technology transfer in a Swedish development aid context in:Taming Exotic Beauties: Swedish Hydropower Constructions in Tanzania in the Era of Development Assistance 1960s\u20131990s Stockholm: Royal Institute of Technology 2007 p. 23\u201324.","DOI":"10.1111\/0952-1895.00121"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","unstructured":"Londa Schiebinger Feminist History of Colonial Science Hypatia19 (2004) 233\u2013254. See also Robert N. Proctor Londa Schiebinger (eds.) Agnotology: The Making & Unmaking of Ignorance Stanford: Stanford University Press 2008."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","unstructured":"Karin Johannisson Det m\u00e4tbara samh\u00e4llet: Statistik och samh\u00e4llsdr\u00f6m i 1700\u2010talets Europa Stockholm: Norstedt 1988; Karin Johannisson The People's Health: Public Health Policies in Sweden in: Dorothy Porter (ed.) The History of Public Health and the Modern State Amsterdam Atlanta: Rodopi 1994 p. 165\u2013182 on p. 166; Monika Edgren Fr\u00e5n rike till nation: Arbetskraftspolitik befolkningspolitik och nationell gemenskapsformering i den politiska ekonomin i Sverige under 1700\u2010talet Lund: Historiska media 2001 p. 91\u201398; Peter Sk\u00f6ld Kunskap och kontroll: Framv\u00e4xten av den svenska befolkningsstatistiken in: Bengt Erik Eriksson Roger Qvarsell (eds.) Samh\u00e4llets Linneaner: Kartl\u00e4ggning och f\u00f6rst\u00e5else i samh\u00e4llsvetenskapernas historia Stockholm: Carlssons 2000. On nineteenth\u2010century statistics see Henrik H\u00f6jer Svenska siffror: Nationell integration och identifikation genom statistik 1800\u20131870 Hedemora: Gidlund 2001. On Swedish population statistics see also Per Axelsson's article in the present issue ofBerichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","unstructured":"Johannisson The People's Health p. 173\u2013176 (see note 11). For an historical overview of Swedish eugenics see Gunnar Broberg Mattias Tyd\u00e9n Eugenics in Sweden: Efficient Care in: Gunnar Broberg Nils Roll\u2010Hansen (eds.) Eugenics and the Welfare State: Sterilization Policy in Denmark Sweden Norway and Finland East Lansing: Michigan State University Press 1996 p. 77\u2013150."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paul\u2010Andr\u00e9 Rosental Jean Stoetzel Demography and Public Opinion: For the Sixtieth Anniversary of Population Population(English edition) 61 (2006) 39\u201350 on p. 39.","DOI":"10.3917\/pope.601.0029"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","unstructured":"Hannes Hyrenius S\u00e5 mycket folk: Fakta och problem kring befolkningsutvecklingen Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell 1970 p. 7 back cover."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","unstructured":"Alva Myrdal Gunnar Myrdal Kris i befolkningsfr\u00e5gan Stockholm: Bonnier 1934."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","unstructured":"Ann\u2010Katrin Hatje Befolkningsfr\u00e5gan och v\u00e4lf\u00e4rden: Debatten om familjepolitik och nativitets\u00f6kning under 1930\u2010 och 1940\u2010talen Stockholm: Allm\u00e4nna f\u00f6rlaget 1974 p. 27\u201343; Tyd\u00e9n Fr\u00e5n politik till praktik p. 94\u201398 (see note 4)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","unstructured":"Utdrag av protokollet \u00f6ver social\u00e4renden h\u00e5llet inf\u00f6r Hans Majt Konungen i statsr\u00e5det \u00e5 Stockholms slott den 12 september 1941 manuscript in the archives of1941 \u00e5rs befolkningsutredning National Archives Stockholm vol. A 1:1. Compare Hatje Befolkningsfr\u00e5gan och v\u00e4lf\u00e4rden p. 68 (see note 16)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","unstructured":"Hatje Befolkningsfr\u00e5gan och v\u00e4lf\u00e4rden p. 86 (see note 16)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","unstructured":"Ulf Olsson Dr\u00f6mmen om den h\u00e4lsosamma medborgaren: Folkuppfostran och h\u00e4lsoupplysning i folkhemmet Stockholm: Carlsson 1999 on p. 60. See also Tyd\u00e9n Fr\u00e5n politik till praktik p. 98\u2013103 (see note 4); Hatje Befolkningsfr\u00e5gan och v\u00e4lf\u00e4rden p. 84\u201386 (see note 16); \u00c5sa Lundqvist Familjen i den svenska modellen Ume\u00e5: Bor\u00e9a 2007 p. 108\u2013110."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","unstructured":"Hatje Befolkningsfr\u00e5gan och v\u00e4lf\u00e4rden p. 68\u201370 (see note 16)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","unstructured":"Matthew Connelly Fatal Misconception: The Struggle to Control World Population Cambridge Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press 2008 p. 115\u2013117 158\u2013159."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alison Bashford Nation Empire Globe: The Spaces of Population Debate in the Interwar Years Comparative Studies in Society and History49 (2007) 170\u2013201.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0010417507000448"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","unstructured":"See e.g. Annika Berg Den gr\u00e4nsl\u00f6sa h\u00e4lsan: Signe och Axel H\u00f6jer folkh\u00e4lsan och expertisen Uppsala: Uppsala universitet 2009 p. 370\u2013371."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","unstructured":"The princely state of Mysore was rather unique when in 1930 it established birth control clinics in hospitals. Barbara N. Ramusack Embattled Advocates: The Debate Over Birth Control in India 1920\u20131940 Journal of Women's History1 (1989) 34\u201364. On Sangers debate with Gandhi see also Anna Aryee Gandhi and Mrs. Sanger Debate Birth Control: Comment in: Sarah Hodges (ed.) Reproductive Health in India: History Politics Controversies New Delhi: Orient Longman 2006 p. 227\u2013234 on p. 228. As Sarah Hodges points out India also had its own eugenics movement that by the late 1940s had more or less merged with Indian family planning. Sarah Hodges Indian Eugenics in an Age of Reform in:Reproductive Health in India like above 115\u2013138 on p. 115\u2013117."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","unstructured":"David Arnold Official Attitudes to Population Birth Control and Reproductive Health in India 1921\u20131946 in: Sarah Hodges (ed.) Reproductive Health in India p. 22\u201350 (see note 24). See alsoReport of the Health Survey and Development Committee: Vol. IV Summary Delhi: Manager of Publications 1946 p. 80\u201382."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","unstructured":"Aryee Gandhi and Mrs. Sanger p. 229 (see note 24); Ramusack Embattled Advocates p. 38\u201339 50\u201352 (see note 24); J. Devika Sex \u2018Liberation\u2019 and Family Planning in Kerala Contributions to Indian Sociology39 (2005) 343\u2013374 on p. 348\u2013355;. J. Devika Family Planning as \u2018Liberation\u2019: The Ambiguities of \u2018Emancipation from Biology\u2019 in Keralam WP 335 CDS Working Papers Trivandrum: Centre for Development Studies 2002 p. 6; S.\u2009H\u00f6jer Befolkningsproblem och f\u00f6delsekontroll i Indien p. 88\u201389 (see note 2)."},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_1_27_2.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"See e.g. Cecilia Van Hollen Birth on the Threshold: Childbirth and Modernity in South India Berkeley: University of California Press 2003 p. 142-143","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520935396"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_1_27_2.2","unstructured":"Sarah Hodges Towards a History of Reproduction in Modern India in: Sarah Hodges (ed.) Reproductive Health in India: History Politics Controversies New Delhi: Orient Longman 2006 p 1-21 on p. 16."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","unstructured":"Third World Health Assembly Geneva 8 to 27 May 1950: Resolutions and Decisions; Plenary Meetings Verbatim Records; Committees Minutes and Reports; Annexes Geneva: World Health Organization 1950 p. 233\u2013234;Fifth World Health Assembly Geneva 5 to 22 May 1952: Resolutions and Decisions; Plenary Meetings Verbatim Records; Committees Minutes and Reports; International Sanitary Regulations Reservations; Annexes Geneva: World Health Organization 1952 p. 206\u2013207 234."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","unstructured":"Richard Symonds Michael Carder The United Nations and the Population Question 1945\u20131970 London: Chatto & Windus 1973 p. 58\u201366."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_2","unstructured":"Fifth World Health Assembly p. 204\u2013206 233 (see note 28)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_2","unstructured":"Fifth World Health Assembly p. 206\u2013207 234\u2013235 238 (see note 28)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_2","unstructured":"Fifth World Health Assembly p. 207 232\u2013241 (see note 28); Alison Bashford Population Geopolitics and International Organizations in the Mid Twentieth Century Journal of World History 19 (2008) 327\u2013347 on p. 333; Bror Rexed Sverige och WHO i 40 \u00e5r Stockholm: Socialdepartementet\/Socialstyrelsen 1988 p. 36."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_2","unstructured":"S.\u2009H\u00f6jer Befolkningsproblem och f\u00f6delsekontroll i Indien p. 90\u201391 (see note 2); see alsoFinal Report on Pilot Studies in Family Planning vol. 1 New Delhi: W.H.O. Regional Office for S.\u2009E. Asia 1954 p. 3; Report to The World Health Organization on Family Planning in India by DR. ABRAHAM STONE W.H.O. CONSULTANT and other documents in WHO India 30 at the WHO Archives Geneva; Emily H. Mudd Dr. Abraham Stone Marriage and Family Living22 (1960) 174\u2013175. Although the Stone assignment explicitly focused on an uncontroversial method which had even been approved by the Vatican it was met by sharp internal criticism. See e.g. Symonds Carder The United Nations and the Population Question p. 63 (see note 29); letter from Brock Chisholm to Paul Henshaw 21 Jan 1952 WHO.2 PH 8 at the WHO archives Geneva. WHO Director\u2010General Chisholm who gave Stone his full support was personally prepared to go in an even more liberal direction. Connelly Fatal Misconception p. 146\u2013147 (see note 21). Stone's project was also criticized from the \u2018other\u2019\u00a0direction e.g. from the old birth control activist Marie Stopes who considered the rhythm method to be too ineffective. See copy of article inThe Times of India 13 Feb. 1952 kept in WHO India 30. The resistance may explain why information about the pilot studies was classified as secret and sorted under MCH (mother and child healthcare) in the WHO archives. WHO India 30."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_2","unstructured":"Final Report on Pilot Studies in Family Planning vol. 1 p. 4 (see note 33); Per \u00c5ke Nilsson Svenskt bist\u00e5nd till den tredje v\u00e4rlden: Dess uppkomst under 1950\u2010talet: En studie av SIDAs och NIBs f\u00f6reg\u00e5ngare: Centralkommitt\u00e9n f\u00f6r svenskt tekniskt bist\u00e5nd till mindre utvecklade omr\u00e5den Hammerdal: Hammerdal f\u00f6rlag och reportage 2004 p. 21; Signe H\u00f6jer Ang\u00e5r Indien oss? Stockholm: Kooperativa kvinnogillesf\u00f6rbundet\/O. Eklund 1958 p. 62; Signe H\u00f6jer Travancore \u2013 v\u00e4lsignat land Stockholm: Tiden 1955 p. 161; letter from Signe H\u00f6jer to Axel H\u00f6jer 24 Nov. 1952 in the archives of Signe and Axel H\u00f6jer (SAHA) at the National Archives Stockholm 3b vol. 4."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_2","unstructured":"Hatje Befolkningsfr\u00e5gan och v\u00e4lf\u00e4rden p. 66\u201369 (see note 16); Lennart Lundmark Vetenskap i rasismens tj\u00e4nst: S\u00e5 fick skallm\u00e4tning av samer vetenskaplig legimitet Tv\u00e4rsnitt 24 (2002) on p. 11; Gunnar Broberg Mattias Tyd\u00e9n O\u00f6nskade i folkhemmet: Rashygien och sterilisering i Sverige Stockholm: Dialogos 2005 p. 164. Major books by Wahlund include Sten Wahlund Demographic Studies in the Nomadic and the Settled Population of Northern Lapland Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksell 1932; Sten Wahlund Herman Lundborg The Race Biology of the Swedish Lapps vol. 1 & 2 Uppsala: Almqvist&Wiksell 1932 1941; Sten Wahlund Anthropometry of the Swedish Lapps Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksell 1941; Sten Wahlund Medan patienten v\u00e4ntar: En bok i befolkningsfr\u00e5gan om ett avfolkat jordbruk och ett avfolkningshotat Sverige Stockholm: Wahlstr\u00f6m & Widstrand 1944; Sten Wahlund Andras ungar Stockholm: Wahlstr\u00f6m & Widstrand 1948; also after returning from India Sten Wahlund Indien i brytningstid: N\u00e5gra personliga intryck Stockholm: Svenska FN\u2010f\u00f6reningen 1955. Despite his background in race biology Wahlund was virtually silent on the issues of eugenics and sterilizations."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_2","unstructured":"Wahlund Medan patienten v\u00e4ntar p. 163\u2013171 (see note 35)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_2","unstructured":"Engh Population Control in the 20th Century p. 73\u201387 331\u2013332 (see note 5); Engh Det internasjonale folkhemmet? (see note 5)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_2","unstructured":"Engh Population Control in the 20th Century p. 74\u201377 331\u2013336 (see note 5)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_2","unstructured":"Engh Det internasjonale folkhemmet? (see note 5); compare Tyd\u00e9n Fr\u00e5n politik till praktik p. 54\u201356 65\u201368 (see note 4)."},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_1_40_2.1","unstructured":"Lena Lennerhed Sex i folkhemmet: RFSUs tidiga historia Hedemora\/Uppsala: Gidlund 2002 p. 187-189"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_1_40_2.2","unstructured":"Beryl Suitters Be Brave and Angry: Chronicles of the International Planned Parenthood Federation London: IPPF 1973 p. 112-121."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_2","unstructured":"The historian Catarina Lundstr\u00f6m makes a detailed case\u2010study of Rydh in Catarina Lundstr\u00f6m Fruars makt och omakt: K\u00f6n klass och kulturarv 1900\u20131940 Ume\u00e5: Institutionen f\u00f6r historiska studier Ume\u00e5 universitet 2005 but with main focus on her role as a governor's wife in the 1930s."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_2","unstructured":"Elise Ottesen\u2010Jensen Livet skrev: Memoarer 1886\u20131966 Stockholm: Ordfront\/Riksf\u00f6rbundet f\u00f6r sexuell upplysning 1986 p. 204\u2013206; Nilsson Svenskt bist\u00e5nd till den tredje v\u00e4rlden p. 18\u201324 (see note 34). See also Hannes Hyrenius Ulla \u00c5hs The Sweden\u2010Ceylon Family Planning Pilot Project: Analysis and Evaluation Undertaken on Behalf of the Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA) G\u00f6teborg: Demographic Institute University of G\u00f6teborg 1968; Bertil Od\u00e9n Bist\u00e5ndets id\u00e9historia: Fr\u00e5n Marshallhj\u00e4lp till millenniem\u00e5l Lund: Studentlitteratur 2006 p. 53; Engh Det internasjonale folkhemmet? p. 133 (see note 5); Carl Wahren The Crucial Family: Swedish Concern for Population and Family Planning in: Pierre Fr\u00fchling (ed.) Swedish Development Aid in Perspective: Policies Problems & Results since 1952 Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International 1986 p. 187\u2013188."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_2","unstructured":"Hanna Rydh Rang Mahal: The Swedish archaeological expedition to India 1952\u20131954 Lund: CWK Gleerup 1959 p. 1\u20134."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_2","unstructured":"Lundstr\u00f6m Fruars makt och omakt p. 49 (see note 41)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_2","unstructured":"Ottesen\u2010Jensen Livet skrev p. 133\u2013151 (see note 42); Signe H\u00f6jer Mitt i livet Stockholm: LT 1982 p. 176\u2013177; Lennerhed Sex i folkhemmet p. 44\u201356 190 (see note 40); letters from Signe H\u00f6jer to Axel H\u00f6jer late Nov. \u2013 early Dec. 1952 SAHA 3b vol. 4 (see note 34);Final Report on Pilot Studies in Family Planning vol. 1 p. 4 (see note 34)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_2","unstructured":"Berg Den gr\u00e4nsl\u00f6sa h\u00e4lsan here chapter 3:2 (see note 23)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_2","unstructured":"Connelly Fatal Misconception p. 118 145 (see note 21)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_2","unstructured":"Nilsson Svenskt bist\u00e5nd till den tredje v\u00e4rlden p. 23\u201324 (see note 34)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_2","unstructured":"Gunnar Myrdal Asian Drama: An Inquiry into the Poverty of Nations volume III New York: Pantheon 1968 p. 2151\u201364."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_2","unstructured":"Berg Den gr\u00e4nsl\u00f6sa h\u00e4lsan p. 326 337 (see note 23); Connelly Fatal Misconception p. 195 (see note 21); Ulla Lindstr\u00f6m I regeringen: Ur min politiska dagbok 1954\u20131959 Stockholm: Bonniers 1969 p. 78."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_2","unstructured":"Nilsson Svenskt bist\u00e5nd till den tredje v\u00e4rlden p. 22 (see note 34). See also Lindstr\u00f6m I regeringen (see note 50)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_2","unstructured":"Lindstr\u00f6m I regeringen p. 79 (see note 50); Rexed Sverige och WHO i 40 \u00e5r p. 35 (see note 32)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_2","unstructured":"Connelly Fatal Misconception p. 195\u2013198 quot. 196 (see note 21)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_2","unstructured":"Gaulin Sterilisera dom fattiga! p. 17 (see note 3)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_2","unstructured":"Nilsson Svenskt bist\u00e5nd till den tredje v\u00e4rlden p. 21\u201324 (see note 34). See also Hyrenius \u00c5hs The Sweden\u2010Ceylon Family Planning Pilot Project (see note 42); Signe H\u00f6jer Axel H\u00f6jer Assam regnlandet: H\u00e4lsov\u00e5rdare vid Brahmaputra Stockholm: Tiden 1964 p. 20."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_2","unstructured":"In the final phase of the Ceylon project in the mid\u20101960s contraceptive pills were introduced in one of the trial districts Diyagama and intrauterine devices in the other Bandaragama. Hyrenius \u00c5hs The Sweden\u2010Ceylon Family Planning Pilot Project p. 20 32 (see note 42)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_2","unstructured":"India did this with the help of incitements and with support from a number of international donors. Matthew Connelly Population Control in India: Prologue to the Emergency Period Population and Development Review 32 (2006) 643\u2013648."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_2","unstructured":"On the concept of policy transfer see Dolowitz Marsh Learning from Abroad 5\u201323 (see note 9)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_2","unstructured":"Berg Den gr\u00e4nsl\u00f6sa h\u00e4lsan (see note 23) and various letters in SAHA (see note 34)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_2","unstructured":"Berg Den gr\u00e4nsl\u00f6sa h\u00e4lsan (see note 23)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_2","unstructured":"S.\u2009H\u00f6jer Befolkningsproblemen inf\u00f6r FN lecture manuscript early 1950s SAHA 2b vol. 6 (see note 34)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_2","unstructured":"S.\u2009H\u00f6jer Mitt i livet p. 163 (see note 45)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_2","unstructured":"S.\u2009H\u00f6jer Mitt i livet p. 176\u2013177 (see note 45); A. H\u00f6jer Report to World Health Organization [Final report Trivandrum] SAHA 2a vol 2 13 (see note 34); S.\u2009H\u00f6jer Befolkningsproblem och f\u00f6delsekontroll i Indien p. 91 (see note 2); S.\u2009H\u00f6jer Travancore p. 158\u2013162 (see note 34)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_2","unstructured":"S.\u2009H\u00f6jer lecture manuscript marked \u201cTravancore\u201d SAHA 2b vol. 6 (see note 34)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_2","unstructured":"S.\u2009H\u00f6jer Travancore p. 158\u2013159 (see note 34); S.\u2009H\u00f6jer Befolkningsproblem och f\u00f6delsekontroll i Indien 82\u201391 (see note 2)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_2","unstructured":"S.\u2009H\u00f6jer Ang\u00e5r Indien oss? p. 61 (see note 34); Axel H\u00f6jer Peace and Health Journal of the Trivandrum Medical College 1 (1952) 8\u201310; Axel H\u00f6jer V\u00e4rldsh\u00e4lsoorganisationen och sjuksk\u00f6terskorna: Anf\u00f6rande vid Nordiska sjuksk\u00f6terskekongressen i G\u00f6teborg den 3 juli 1950 Tidskrift f\u00f6r Sveriges sjuksk\u00f6terskor 17 (1950) 557\u2013560; Axel H\u00f6jer Liv och d\u00f6d i det nya Indien Stockholm: Svenska FN\u2010f\u00f6reningen Mellanfolkligt samarbete 1955 p. 14\u201315."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_2","unstructured":"S.\u2009H\u00f6jer Befolkningsproblem och f\u00f6delsekontroll i Indien p. 86\u201389 (see note 2)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_2","unstructured":"S.\u2009H\u00f6jer Befolkningsproblem och f\u00f6delsekontroll i Indien p. 91 (see note 2)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_2","unstructured":"Health Organisation. Minutes of the Session of the Bureau of the Health Committee held in Moscow from June 22nd to 28th 1936 in the League of Nations Archives Geneva C.H.\/Bureau\/IV\/Minutes p. 11; letter from Axel H\u00f6jer to Signe H\u00f6jer 25 June 1936 SAHA 3b vol. 1 (see note 34). Compare Connelly Fatal Misconception p. 73 (see note 21); Carol Miller The Social Section and Advisory Committee on Social Questions of the League of Nations in: Paul Weindling (ed.) International Health Organisations and Movements 1918\u20131939 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1995 p. 154\u2013175 on p. 165; Paul Weindling Social Medicine at the League of Nations and the International Labour Office Compared in:International Health Organisations and Movements like above 134\u2013153 on p. 146\u2013148."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_2","unstructured":"See several letters from Signe H\u00f6jer to Axel H\u00f6jer late Nov. \u2013 early Dec. 1952 SAHA 3b vol. 4 (see note 34); S.\u2009H\u00f6jer Mitt i livet p. 177 (see note 45); Ottesen\u2010Jensen Livet skrev p. 143 (see note 42);Final Report on Pilot Studies in Family Planning vol. 1 p. 4 (see note 33)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_2","unstructured":"Letters from Signe H\u00f6jer to Axel H\u00f6jer Nov. 1952 SAHA 3b vol. 1 & 4 (see note 34); quotation from letter of 24 Nov in vol. 4. Anna Aryee quite similarly characterizes Sanger as promoter of an imperialist feminist discourse not unlike that of Katherine Mayo in the sensationalist reportageMother India.Aryee Gandhi and Mrs. Sanger p. 230\u2013232 (see note 24); Katherine Mayo Mother India London: Cape 1927."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_2","unstructured":"Compare S.\u2009H\u00f6jer Befolkningsproblem och f\u00f6delsekontroll i Indien p. 91 (see note 2)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_2","unstructured":"Letter from Signe H\u00f6jer to Axel H\u00f6jer 27 and 29 Nov. 1952 SAHA 3b vol. 4 (see note 34)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_2","unstructured":"S.\u2009H\u00f6jer Mitt i livet p. 176\u201377 (see note 45). In a letter to Margaret Sanger in May 1935 however Margaret Cousins an Irish feminist living in India reported on a baby clinic in Trivandrum where \u201cBirth Control propaganda & equipment\u201d had been \u201cpressed\u201d on poor mothers with limited success. Letter cited in Ramusack Embattled Advocates p. 52 (see note 24)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_2","unstructured":"S.\u2009H\u00f6jer Travancore p. 160 (see note 34). See also S.\u2009H\u00f6jer Befolkningsproblem och f\u00f6delsekontroll i Indien p. 86\u201389 (see note 2)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_2","unstructured":"Ramusack Embattled Advocates p. 49 (see note 24)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_2","unstructured":"Robin Jeffrey Politics Women and Well\u2010Being: how Kerata become a \u201cModel\u201d Basingstoke: Macmittan 1996 p. 196."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_2","unstructured":"Devika Sex \u2018Liberation\u2019 and Family Planning p. 348\u2013355 (see note 26); Devika Family Planning as \u2018Liberation\u2019 p. 4\u201318 49 (see note 26). Compare Gyan Prakash Another Reason: Science and the Imagination of Modern India Princeton N. J.: Princeton University Press 1999 p. 150\u2013156."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_2","unstructured":"S.\u2009H\u00f6jer Mitt i livet p. 176 (see note 45)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_2","unstructured":"The leader of the courses was in the words of Axel H\u00f6jer a \u201clady doctor from Delhi\u201d \u2013 most likely the doctor that Signe H\u00f6jer had recruited in Bombay. Another female doctor was sent to Bombay for more thorough training. A. H\u00f6jer Report to World Health Organization [Final report Trivandrum] p. 13 (see note 63); S.\u2009H\u00f6jer Travancore p. 161 (see note 34). Signe H\u00f6jer also did some teaching herself. J. Axel H\u00f6jer En l\u00e4kares v\u00e4g: Fr\u00e5n Visby till Vietnam Stockholm: Bonniers 1975 p. 219; letter from Signe H\u00f6jer to Axel H\u00f6jer 4 March 1954 SAHA 3b vol. 7 (see note 34)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_2","unstructured":"A. H\u00f6jer Report to World Health Organization [Final report Trivandrum] p. 13 (see note 63)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_2","unstructured":"Berg Den gr\u00e4nsl\u00f6sa h\u00e4lsan p. 393\u2013397 (see note 23)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_2","unstructured":"S.\u2009H\u00f6jer Befolkningsproblem och f\u00f6delsekontroll i Indien p. 91 (see note 2)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_2","unstructured":"Letter from Signe H\u00f6jer to Axel H\u00f6jer 24 Nov. 1952 SAHA 3b vol. 4 (see note 34)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_2","unstructured":"Robert J\u00fctte Contraception: A History Cambridge: Polity 2007 p. 205."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_2","unstructured":"S.\u2009H\u00f6jer Travancore p. 161 (see note 34)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_2","unstructured":"S.\u2009H\u00f6jer Travancore p. 223 (see note 34)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_2","unstructured":"Jeffrey Politics Women and Well\u2010Being p. 197\u2013199 (see note 77). CompareReport of the Team for the Study of Community Projects and National Extension Service vol. III part II New Delhi: Committee on Plan 1957 p. 79."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_89_2","unstructured":"A. H\u00f6jer En l\u00e4kares v\u00e4g p. 218\u2013219 (see note 80); compare Jeffrey Politics Women and Well\u2010Being p. 197\u2013199 (see note 77)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_90_2","unstructured":"Report of the Team for the Study of Community Projects p. 79 (see note 88)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_91_2","unstructured":"Jeffrey Politics Women and Well\u2010Being p. 197 (see note 77)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_92_2","unstructured":"Devika Sex \u2018Liberation\u2019 and Family Planning p. 355\u2013364 (see note 26); Devika Family Planning as \u2018Liberation\u2019 p. 4\u20135 15\u201324 49 (see note 26)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_93_2","unstructured":"Jeffrey Politics Women and Well\u2010Being p. 4\u20138 186\u2013199 (see note 77)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_94_2","unstructured":"Letter from Signe H\u00f6jer to Axel H\u00f6jer 28 Nov. 1952 SAHA 3b vol. 4 (see note 34). Stone did not in spite of his WHO mission see himself as an \u201capostle\u201d for the rhythm method. See press release from WHO's South\u2010East Asia Office 20 Dec. 1951 in WHO India 30."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_95_2","unstructured":"S.\u2009H\u00f6jer Befolkningsproblem och f\u00f6delsekontroll i Indien p. 89 (see note 2)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_96_2","unstructured":"Letter from Axel H\u00f6jer to Signe H\u00f6jer 2 Dec. 1952 SAHA 3b vol. 6 (see note 34)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_97_2","unstructured":"Berg Den gr\u00e4nsl\u00f6sa h\u00e4lsan p. 380\u2013383 (see note 23)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_98_2","unstructured":"Michel Foucault Governmentality in: James D. Faubion (ed.) Essential works of Foucault 1954\u20131984: Vol. 3 Power New York: The New Press 2000 p. 201\u2013222 on p. 219\u2013222; Michel Foucault The Subject and Power in:Essential works of Foucault 1954\u20131984: Vol. 3 Power like above 326\u2013348 on p. 340\u2013342; Michel Foucault \u2018Society Must be Defended\u2019: Lectures at the Coll\u00e8ge de France 1975\u201376 London: Penguin 2004 p. 239\u2013263."},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_1_99_2.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nikolas Rose Government Authority and Expertise in Advanced Liberalism Economy and Society 22 (1993) 283-299 on p. 285 292-296","DOI":"10.1080\/03085149300000019"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_1_99_2.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michel Foucault Technologies of the Self in: Luther H. Martin Patrick H. Hutton Huck Gutman (eds.)Technologies of the Self: A Seminar with Michel Foucault Amherst: The University of Massachussetts Press 1988 p. 18-19.","DOI":"10.2307\/2072021"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_100_2","unstructured":"Compare Connelly Population Control in India p. 662 (see note 57); G. Myrdal Asian Drama p. 2151\u20132164 (see note 49)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_101_2","unstructured":"R. S.\u2009Kurup T. K. Mathen Sterilization as a Method of Family Planning in Kerala State Population Review 10 (1966) 61\u201368 on p. 61."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_102_2","unstructured":"Jeffrey Politics Women and Well\u2010Being p. 197\u2013199 (see note 77); Kurup Mathen Sterilization as a Method of Family Planning p. 61 (see note 101)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_103_2","unstructured":"According to Matthew Connelly it is hard to tell if incitement programmes were first introduced on eugenic or neomalthusian grounds. Connelly Population Control in India p. 643\u2013645 (see note 57)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_104_2","unstructured":"Jeffrey Politics Women and Well\u2010Being p. 197\u2013199 (see note 77)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_105_2","unstructured":"Axel H\u00f6jer Som h\u00e4lsoexpert i fr\u00e4mmande milj\u00f6er manuscript SAHA 4b vol. 5 (see note 34)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_106_2","unstructured":"Meta Vartannat barn d\u00f6r innan det fyller tio \u00c5bo underr\u00e4ttelser 30 Oct. 1962."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_107_2","unstructured":"Signe H\u00f6jer Levande begraven: En bok om spet\u00e4lska Stockholm: Tiden 1959 p. 154. Compare Signe H\u00f6jer P\u00e5 str\u00e5matta i Japan Stockholm: Tiden 1957 p. 143\u2013144."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_108_2","unstructured":"S.\u2009H\u00f6jer Mitt i livet p. 177 (see note 45)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_109_2","unstructured":"J\u00fctte Contraception p. 173\u2013174 206 (see note 85)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_110_2","unstructured":"S.\u2009H\u00f6jer P\u00e5 str\u00e5matta i Japan p. 143\u2013144 (see note 107); S.\u2009H\u00f6jer Ang\u00e5r Indien oss? p. 61\u201362 (see note 34). See also S.\u2009H\u00f6jer Levande begraven p. 154 (see note 107)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_111_2","unstructured":"Report to The World Health Organization on Family Planning in India (see note 33). As David Arnold observes colonial census rhetoric on Indian population problems had possibly greater impact on Indian attitudes than on the policies of the colonial regime. Arnold Official Attitudes to Population p. 28 (see note 25)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_112_2","unstructured":"Connelly Population Control in India p. 633\u2013636 (see note 57)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_113_2","unstructured":"Instead IPPF delegated this matter to each national organization. Lennerhed Sex i folkhemmet p. 188 (see note 40)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_114_2","unstructured":"Ottesen\u2010Jensen Livet skrev p. 144 182\u2013183 (see note 42). Ottesen\u2010Jensen had been a great advocate of sterilization on eugenic or social grounds in the 1920's but in the 1930s to 1950 she increasingly lost faith in the method. She could still accept sterilization as an alternative contraceptive method for the healthy individual but considered the method as inappropriate for population control. Lennerhed Sex i folkhemmet p. 112\u2013121 (see note 40)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Myrdal G. Myrdal Kris i befolkningsfr\u00e5gan p. 217\u2013226 (see note 15).","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0472-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_116_2","unstructured":"Alva Myrdal V\u00e5rt ansvar f\u00f6r de fattiga folken reprinted in: Alva Myrdal \u2018N\u00e5got kan man v\u00e4l g\u00f6ra\u2019: Texter 1932\u20131982 Stockholm: Carlssons 2002 p. 214\u2013215."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_117_2","unstructured":"G. Myrdal Asian Drama p. 2160\u20132163 (see note 49)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_118_2","unstructured":"S.\u2009H\u00f6jer A. H\u00f6jer Assam regnlandet p. 20 (see note 55)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_119_2","unstructured":"Wahlund Indien i brytningstid (see note 35)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_120_2","unstructured":"Ulla Lindstr\u00f6m V\u00e5r l\u00e5ga nativitet ett hot mot v\u00e5r f\u00f6rs\u00f6rjningsbalans Morgon\u2010Tidningen 22 Aug. 1955 1 8."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_121_2","unstructured":"Sammandrag av Statsr\u00e5det Lindstr\u00f6ms anf\u00f6rande appendix to meeting promemoria 13 Sept. 1961 Beredningen f\u00f6r internationella bist\u00e5ndsfr\u00e5gor (BIB) National Archives Stockholm vol. 8 5."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_122_2","unstructured":"Gunnar Myrdal speech manuscript 3 March 1961 BIB vol. 8 10 (see note 121)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_123_2","unstructured":"Hanna Rydh Indisk \u00f6kenby Stockholm: Natur och Kultur 1956. Apparently Rydh committed herself to family planning and\/or demography as a feminist rather than as an archaeologist."},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_1_124_2.1","unstructured":"A few other actors may also be mentioned in this context. The statistician\u2010demographer Hannes Hyrenius who helped to evaluate the Swedish pilot project in Ceylon and became Sweden's first professor in demography began his career in the interwar period. Unlike most of the other actors in this study Hyrenius started out as a conservative. In 1941 he warned not only of Swedish depopulation but also of the eugenic consequences of foreign not least Jewish immigration. He stressed the need of propaganda and described population policy in Nazi Germany in positive terms. Hannes Hyrenius Livsvilja eller folkd\u00f6d: Kortfattad framst\u00e4llning av Sveriges befolkningsproblem Lund: Sundqvist & Emond 1941 p. 116-119 150-155. Ten years later however he had turned all around dismissing \"birth propaganda\" along with race theories and genocide and criticizing Nazi\u2010style population policy for being both undemocratic and inefficient. At the same time he stressed the need of \"neomalthusianism\" in great parts of the world. However he was silent on methods and remained so when in the 1960s he looked back at the history of family planning in underdeveloped countries. Hannes Hyrenius Befolkning och samh\u00e4lle Stockholm: Tidens f\u00f6rlag 1951 p. 14-15 217"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_1_124_2.2","unstructured":"Hyrenius S\u00e5 mycket folk p. 39-45 (see note 14). The demographer Erland Hofsten visited India several times in the 1950s and 1960s. At least when looking back in the 1980s he was very critical of the coercive sterilization policies in India both in terms of ethics and efficiency and instead stressed the importance of multiangled social and economic development. Erland Hofsten V\u00e4rldens befolkning: Fakta och fr\u00e5gor kring folkm\u00e4ngd och folk\u00f6kning Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell 1970. Although Hofsten himself belonged to a younger generation he had a familial link to interwar population policy through his father Nils von Hofsten a central actor in the execution of the Swedish sterilization programme."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_125_2","unstructured":"Jeffrey Politics Women and Well\u2010Being p. 197\u2013198 (see note 77)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_126_2","unstructured":"Van Hollen Birth on the Threshold p. 142\u2013146 (see note 27). The target related system was only abolished in 1996. Engh Population Control in the 20th Century p. 128 (see note 5)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_127_2","unstructured":"Od\u00e9n Bist\u00e5ndets id\u00e9historia p. 49\u201350 (see note 42)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_128_2","unstructured":"A. H\u00f6jer Som h\u00e4lsoexpert i fr\u00e4mmande milj\u00f6er see note 105. Compare A. H\u00f6jer Anf\u00f6rande vid United Nations Conference on the Application of Science and Technology manuscript in SAHA 2b vol. 3 (see note 34)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_129_2","unstructured":"G. Myrdal speech manuscript 3 March 1961 p. 10 15\u201316 quot. S.\u200910 (see note 122). Myrdal's speech was later printed as a book ambiguousely titledProblemet Sverige Hj\u00e4lper(The Problem Sweden Helps) Stockholm: Utrikespolitiska institutet 1961. In Asian Drama still no statements were made on the need of Swedish sterilization expertise; on the contrary Myrdal underlined how foreign experts merely followed the programmes of the Indian Planning Commission. G. Myrdal Asian Drama p. 2160\u20132163 (see note 49)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_130_2","unstructured":"Minutes from meeting 5 May 1961 BIB vol. 8 (see note 121). This is also confirmed by Olav Stokke's research. Olav Stokke Sveriges utvecklingsbist\u00e5nd och bist\u00e5ndspolitik Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet 1978 p. 31\u201333 268. The 1962 population aid bill (proposition 1962: 100) was more positive towards bilateral aid however as a complement to multilateral aid and it stressed that technical development assistance should be directed primarily to areas where Sweden was specially able to help (and where the recipient countries themselves demanded help). See also Od\u00e9n Bist\u00e5ndets id\u00e9historia p. 66\u201367 (see note 42) Nilsson Svenskt bist\u00e5nd till den tredje v\u00e4rlden p. 75 (see note 34)."}],"container-title":["Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fbewi.201001470","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/bewi.201001470","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T00:44:29Z","timestamp":1694652269000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bewi.201001470"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,16]]},"references-count":136,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/bewi.201001470"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bewi.201001470","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0170-6233","1522-2365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0170-6233","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-2365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2010-08-16","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}