{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]],"date-time":"2023-09-09T07:49:11Z","timestamp":1694245751551},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,7]],"date-time":"2018-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1528329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ber Wissenschaftsgesch"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>What's Next? Michael Crichtons und Mikhail Bulgakovs Kritik der Fetischisierung in den Lebenswissenschaften<\/jats:bold>. Dieser Beitrag wurde angeregt durch den Thriller <jats:italic>Next<\/jats:italic> (2006) von Michael Crichton. Im Gegensatz zu dessen <jats:italic>State of Fear<\/jats:italic> (2004), wo die Behandlung eines aktuellen wissenschaftspolitischen Problems \u2013 des Klimawandels \u2013 mit einer harschen Kritik am Umgang politischer Aktivisten mit wissenschaftlichen Ergebnissen einhergeht, setzt <jats:italic>Next<\/jats:italic> Hoffnungen und \u00c4ngste ins Zentrum, die im Zusammenhang mit dem \u201aHuman Genome Project\u2018 verhandelt wurden. Crichton stellt hier wissenschaftlich\u2010\u00f6konomische Verflechtungen dar, vor denen er schon in seinen Romanen zu <jats:italic>Jurassic Park<\/jats:italic> (1990) warnte. Hier wird auf die Gefahr der Fetischisierung im Zusammenhang mit utopisch untermalten wissenschaftlich\u2010technischen Gro\u00dfprojekten und der Phantasie \u201aLeben zu machen\u2018 hingewiesen, und es werden entsprechende Motive und Narrative der ,longue\u2010dur\u00e9e\u2018 aufgegriffen, z.B. k\u00fcnstliche Menschen, menschliche Hybris und das Au\u00dfer\u2010Kontrolle\u2010Geraten wissenschaftlich\u2010technischer Gro\u00dfprojekte. Unter der Fragestellung, wie kritische Wissenschaftsreflexion im Medium von Literatur erfolgen kann und was der spezifische Beitrag aus der Wissenschaftsgeschichte w\u00e4re, behandelt dieser Essay neben Werken von Michael Crichton (vor allem <jats:italic>Next<\/jats:italic> und <jats:italic>Lost World<\/jats:italic>, 1997) auch die satirischen Novellen <jats:italic>Die verh\u00e4ngnisvollen Eier<\/jats:italic> (1924\/1925) und <jats:italic>Hundeherz<\/jats:italic> (1926\/1968) von Mikhail Bulgakov, da bereits dort die (m\u00f6gliche) k\u00fcnstliche Hervorbringung von Lebewesen unter der Bedingung eines (versuchten) direkten Zugriffs auf deren Reproduktionsmechanismen fokussiert wurde. Wissenschaftskritik als Gesellschaftskritik zeigt sich hier als Reflexion auf die Grenzen zwischen Wissenschaft und Gesellschaft und auf die Verantwortung der entlang dieser Grenzen agierenden Menschen, aber auch auf strukturelle Gewalt und deren Auswirkungen auf die Verh\u00e4ltnisse zwischen Menschen und Naturdingen sowie unter Menschen.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Summary: What's Next? Michael Crichton's and Mikhail Bulgakov's Criticism of Fetishism in the Life Sciences<\/jats:bold>. This paper was first inspired by Michael Crichton's last thriller, <jats:italic>Next<\/jats:italic> (2006), which staged hopes and fears triggered by the completion of the Human Genome Project and by the perfection of Polymerase chain reaction techniques, enabling the replication of DNA on a large scale. These developments nourished fantasies about the artificial (re)construction of living beings from DNA. Crichton had already warned of the fetishization of artificially produced living beings in <jats:italic>Jurassic Park<\/jats:italic> and in the novels on which the film was based inventing a futuristic scenario where this was happening on a large scale. Here, the topics of hubris and hybrids were center stage. In <jats:italic>Next<\/jats:italic>, the fetishization of life is an effect of the growing encroachment of economic actors upon the life sciences. This paper compares Crichton's criticism of techno\u2010scientific fetishism with Mikhail Bulgakov's critical account of human tinkering with the reproductive organs of humans and non\u2010humans in his two satirical novels <jats:italic>The Fateful Eggs<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Dog's Heart<\/jats:italic>. The works of both authors link criticism of science with criticism of society. They focus the borders between science and society and analyze the responsibilities of humans who are acting along those borders. The thrillers and satirical novels illustrate the \u2013 often violent \u2013 power relations between humans and nature and also among humans. Comparing two authors who wrote nearly a century apart from each other and focussing different social systems will help compare longue\u2010dur\u00e9e and more specific forms of techno\u2010scientific fetishism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bewi.201801890","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,7]],"date-time":"2018-06-07T16:08:56Z","timestamp":1528387736000},"page":"167-183","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["What's Next? Michael Crichton's and Mikhail Bulgakov's Criticism of Fetishism in the Life Sciences"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Bettina","family":"Wahrig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig Abteilung f\u00fcr Pharmazie- und Wissenschaftsgeschichte  Beethovenstra\u00dfe 55, D- 38106 Braunschweig"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","unstructured":"Michael Crichton Next London\/New York: Harper Collins 2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","unstructured":"Michael Crichton State of Fear London\/New York: Harper Collins 2004. This novel has been read as casting doubt on the factuality of climate change."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","unstructured":"Michael Crichton Jurassic Park. A novel New York: Knopf 1990; Michael Crichton The Lost World London: Arrow Books 1997 (first 1997)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","unstructured":"See the contribution of Martina Mittag in this issue."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","unstructured":"Compare the other hybrids in this special issue. Even Olimpia in Hoffmann'sSandman who has features of an automaton can be subsumed under this category because she only seems to be alive as long as she has Nathanael's eyes in her body. See the contribution of Silvia Micheletti in this issue."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","unstructured":"For instance the production of a cooking pan made of steel can be followed back to the step of mining the iron ore."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","unstructured":"If not stated otherwise mentioning ofJurassic ParkandLost Worldwill refer to the novels and not to the films.Jurassic Parkwas first screened in 1993 andLost Worldin 1997."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicole Karafyllis Biofakte. Versuch \u00fcber den Menschen zwischen Artefakt und Lebewesen Paderborn: mentis-Verlag 2003.","DOI":"10.30965\/9783969757871"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","unstructured":"One of the most discussed examples is that of genetically modified crops that crossbreed with unmodified organism or simply drive other organisms out of their habitat."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackob von Uexk\u00fcll Theoretische Biologie zweite g\u00e4nzlich neu bearbeitete Auflage Berlin: Springer 1928.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-36634-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christina Brandt Zeitschichten des Klons. Anmerkungen zu einer Begriffsgeschichte Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte33 (2010) 123\u2013147.","DOI":"10.1002\/bewi.201001353"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","unstructured":"Brandt Zeitschichten (see note 11)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","unstructured":"Cf. Bettina Wahrig Bodies Instruments and the Art of Construction. Historical Remarks on the Scientific Texture of Living Bodies in: Sabine Sielke Elisabeth Sch\u00e4fer-W\u00fcnsche (eds.) The body as interface. Dialogues between the disciplines (American Studies 150) Heidelberg: Winter 2007 pp.\u200531\u201349."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cf. Florence Vienne Vom Samentier zur Samenzelle. Die Neudeutung der Zeugung im 19. Jahrhundert Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte32 (2009) 215\u2013229.","DOI":"10.1002\/bewi.200901354"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","unstructured":"Mikhail Bulgakov The fatal eggs translated by Roger Cockrell Richmond: Alma Classics 2011; Mikhail Bulgakov A dog's heart translated by Antonia W. Bouis London: Alma Classics 2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","unstructured":"Julie A.E. Curtis Mikhail Bulgakov (Critical lives) London: Reaktion Books 2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","unstructured":"Jamie Wilson Novel take on global warming The Guardian2005 29\/09\/2005 https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2005\/sep\/29\/comment.bookscomment (last accessed 02\/02\/2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","unstructured":"Herbert George Wells The food of the gods and how it came to earth Leipzig: Tauchnitz 1904."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","unstructured":"Crichton Lost World(see note 3); Arthur Conan Doyle The lost world. Being an account of the recent amazing adventures of Prof. George E. Challenger Lord John Roxton Prof. Summerlee and Mr. E.D. Malone of the \u2018Daily Gazette\u2019 Leipzig: Tauchnitz 1912."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","unstructured":"Cf. Nikolaj L. Krementsov's reflections on this problem in his introduction to hisRevolutionary experiments:The quest for immortality in Bolshevik science and fiction New York: Oxford University Press 2014."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","unstructured":"Michel Foucault The birth of the clinic: An archaeology of medical perception (Social Science Paperbacks 155) London: Tavistock 1973 p.\u2005166."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","unstructured":"It is tempting to interpret this decision of the author to invoke the near future in the line of Nowotny's \u2018near future\u2019: Helga Nowotny Time: Modern and postmodern experience Cambridge UK\/Malden MA: Polity Press 1996."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","unstructured":"Bulgakov Fatal eggs(see note 15) p.\u200510. The Russian word could also be translated as \u201cbastards\u201d \u201crogues\u201d or \u201cscum\u201d and the whole sentence as \u201cBastards that's what you are\u201d. The verb \u201c\u0441\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0447\u044c \u2013 svolo\u2018\u201d means to draw something slowly down it is not connected to swine in the sense of the animal. Courtesy of Ulrike Jekutsch."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","unstructured":"Claude Bernard Introduction \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude de la m\u00e9decine exp\u00e9rimentale (Garnier-Flammarion 85) Paris: Garnier-Flammarion 1966; Pr\u00e9face par Fran\u00e7ois Dagognet. Bernard is quoting Charles Dum\u00e9ril."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","unstructured":"\u201cThe physiologist is not a man of fashion he no longer hears the cry of animals he no longer sees the blood that flows he sees only his idea and perceives only organisms concealing problems which he intends to solve.\u201d (Claude Bernard An Introduction to Experimental Medicine translated by Henry Copley Greene New York: Schuman 1927 p.\u2005103)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","unstructured":"There are very close allusions to Claude BernardsIntroduction. Compare Bettina Wahrig's introduction to this special issue."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","unstructured":"Herbert George Wells The island of Dr. Moreau(1896) New York: Bartleby.com 2000 Chapter 14; http:\/\/www.bartleby.com\/1001\/14.html (last accessed 10\/02\/2018) compare my introduction to this special issue."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","unstructured":"Bulgakov Fatal eggs (see note 15) p.\u20054."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","unstructured":"The causal chain that makes the chemical-biological experiments of Mr. Bensington and Mr. Redwood with the growth-enhancing alkaloid called \u201cFood of the Gods\u201d get out of control starts with Mr. Bensington's domestic situation: His cousin who keeps his household refuses to allow any tadpoles (for experimentation) into the house which is why they transfer their trials to a rather badly equipped \u201cexperimental farm\u201d Wells The food of the gods(see note 18) p.\u20059."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","unstructured":"Bulgakov Fatal eggs (see note 15) p.\u200519."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","unstructured":"Bernard Introduction(see note 24) p. 48."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","unstructured":"See the contribution of Silvia Micheletti in this issue."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","unstructured":"Bulgakov Fatal eggs (see note 15) p.\u200519."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","unstructured":"The Russian name is \u201cRokh\u201d meaning \u201cfate\u201d."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","unstructured":"Bulgakov Fatal eggs (see note 15) p.\u200555."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","unstructured":"William Shakespeare Hamlet Prince of Denmark) 3 (4) in:Complete Works Alexander Edition London: Collins 1966 p.\u200578. E.T.A. Hoffmann links the horror of \u201ceyes without sight\u201d (\u201cAugen ohne Sehkraft\u201d) to the Automaton referring to Shakespeare E.\u2005T.\u2005A. Hoffmann Die Automate in: Serapionsbr\u00fcder Werke Band 3 p.\u2005330."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","unstructured":"He uses so much poison to kill of the huge frogs that the laboratory reeks of it and nearly kills his assistant Bulgakov Fatal eggs (see note 15) p.\u200518."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_38_1","unstructured":"Bulgakov Fatal eggs(see note 15) pp.\u200522\u2009s."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_39_1","unstructured":"Eric Laursen An Electrician's utopia: Mikhail Bulgakov's \u2018Fateful Eggs\u2019 The Slavic and East European Journal56 (2012) 65\u201370."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_40_1","unstructured":"\u201c\u2018I'm headed for thesella turcica!\u2019 roared Filip Filippovic and with his bloody slippery gloves removed Sharik's yellow-grey brain from his head.\u201d Bulgakov Dog's heart (see note 15) p.\u200554."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_41_1","unstructured":"Cf. Heiko Stoff Ewige Jugend: Konzepte der Verj\u00fcngung vom sp\u00e4ten 19. Jahrhundert bis ins Dritte Reich K\u00f6ln: B\u00f6hlau 2004. Stoff analyzesDog's heartas a satire of the Soviet conception of New Man (pp.\u2005126 176\u2013178). For the extremely rich context of the rejuvenation experiments in all parts of Europe cf. Krementsov Revolutionary experiments(see note 20)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_42_1","unstructured":"Leo Trotzkij predicted that the new technologies will help to \u201cradically rework\u201d human physiology Trotzkij Die Kunst der Revolution und die sozialistische Kunst in:Literatur und Revolution Trotzki-Bibliothek Essen: Arbeiterpresse-Verlag 1994 pp.\u2005224\u2013254 here p.\u2005250. Cf. Stoff Ewige Jugend(see note 41) pp.\u2005320\u2009s."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_43_1","unstructured":"Bulgakov Dog's heart(see note 15) p.\u2005121."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_44_1","unstructured":"Bulgakov Dog's heart(see note 15) p.\u2005105."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_45_1","unstructured":"Cf. Jules Verne'sVoyage to the Center of the Earth(1864)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_46_1","unstructured":"Compare the last scene of the filmJurassic Park(see note 7) where a group of pterodactyls cross the sea to a nearby island."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_47_1","unstructured":"For example: Sarah Harding and Richard Levine."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_48_1","unstructured":"Crichton Lost World(see note 3) p.\u2005257. Curiously in the filmJurassic Park(see note 3) (I) this is just what the \u201cgood\u201d scientists do."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_49_1","unstructured":"Crichton Lost World(see note 3) p.\u2005105."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_50_1","unstructured":"Arundhati Roy The cost of living: The greater common good and the end of imagination London: Flamingo 1999."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_51_1","unstructured":"FilmJurassic Park(minute 41). Sattler and Malcom belong to the team of \u2018good\u2019 scientists who are prepared to give a critical assessment of the project."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_52_1","unstructured":"Crichton Jurassic Park(see note 3) p.\u2005IX."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_53_1","unstructured":"Crichton Jurassic Park(see note 3) p.\u2005X."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_54_1","unstructured":"Crichton Next(see note 1) pp.\u2005234\u2013257."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_55_1","unstructured":"Crichton Next(see note 1) pp.\u200561\u201367 192."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_56_1","unstructured":"Crichton Next(see note 1) p.\u2005281."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_57_1","unstructured":"http:\/\/dangerousminds.net\/comments\/soap_berlusconis_fat (last accessed 02\/04\/2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_58_1","unstructured":"Crichton Next(see note 1) p.\u2005261."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_59_1","unstructured":"Crichton Next(see note 1) pp.\u2005201\u2013202."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_60_1","unstructured":"Crichton Next(see note 1) p.\u2005528."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_61_1","unstructured":"Cf. Krementsov Revolutionary experiments(see note 20) p.\u200526 who states that what distinguished Soviet bio-science-fiction from that in other parts of Europe was the emphasis on \u201cbig science\u201d the obsession with the power of large state-sponsored technical equipment."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_62_1","unstructured":"Cf. Stoff Ewige Jugend(see note 41) and Laurson An Electrician's utopia (see note 39)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_63_1","unstructured":"Experimental transplants of sexual glands had started with people like Steinach but soon spread throughout Europe. Many Russian physiologists took part in that endeavour. Cf. Krementsov Revolutionary experiments(see note 20) pp.\u2005126\u2013159."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_64_1","unstructured":"This expands to the bodily features of the human actors: When Preobazhenski and Filippovic get angry at Sharikov their eyes are compared with \u201ctwo black pistol barrels\u201d Bulgakov Dog's heart(see note 15) p.\u2005113."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_65_1","unstructured":"The gender relation is extremely interesting: Dave's biological mother is not mentioned."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_66_1","unstructured":"See the contribution of Silvia Micheletti in this issue. See also Bettina Wahrig's introduction to this issue."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hans-Uwe Lammel Leben als resistenter Begriff und absolute Metapher im Denken Christoph Wilhelm Hufelands (1762\u20131836) in: Mathias Junge (ed.) Metaphern in Wissenskulturen Wiesbaden: VS 2010 pp.\u2005249\u2013264 here pp.\u2005249\u2013250. Regarding the allure of the phenomena of life in literature and science contemporary to Bulgakov both in- and outside the Soviet Union cf. Krementsov Revolutionary experiments(see note 20).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-531-92164-8_14"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_68_1","unstructured":"Donna Haraway Modest_Witness@Second_Millennium.FemaleMan_Meets_OncoMouse: Feminism and Technoscience New York\/London: Routledge 1997 p.\u2005137."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_69_1","unstructured":"Haraway Modest Witness(see note 68) p.\u2005137."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haraway Modest Witness(see note 68) p.\u2005141. For the discussion of Latour's notion of fetish cf. Bettina Wahrig Eine Frage der Politik: Wissenschaft und Ideologie im 21. Jahrhundert Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte33 (2010) 193\u2013210.","DOI":"10.1002\/bewi.201001468"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_71_1","unstructured":"Cf. Roland Barthes Mythologies Paris: Seuil 1957 pp.\u2005223\u2013230. Besides providing images concerning delegation and denial Oscar Wilde'sThe Picture of Dorian Gray(1890) analyzes many more motifs prominently eternal youth exaggerated love and the transferring of emotions from a person to a work of art. In this essay I am using the story as an allegory for the delegation of responsibility from a visible part of the world (the human face) to an invisible and secluded location (the attic)."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_72_1","unstructured":"Bulgakov Fatal eggs(see note 15) p.\u20053."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_73_1","unstructured":"It is a matter of debate whether Crichton'sJurassic Parkseries is still a little more specific thanNextabout the social structures that enable ambitious scientific projects that later run out of control. Crichton's criticism of biomolecular scientists becoming more and more entangled with questions of private economy and profit is very clear in the introduction toJurassic Park(see note 3 pp.\u2005IX\u2013XI). However only inNext the nuclear family or the private home is the only utopian space to which all the \u2018good scientists\u2019 (and good lawyers for that matter) eventually retire."}],"container-title":["Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fbewi.201801890","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/bewi.201801890","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/bewi.201801890","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/bewi.201801890","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T18:33:37Z","timestamp":1694198017000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bewi.201801890"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/bewi.201801890"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bewi.201801890","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0170-6233","1522-2365"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0170-6233","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-2365","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-06-07","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}