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Emerging from the distinctive dryland ecologies of South Africa,\n                    <jats:italic>Hydnora<\/jats:italic>\n                    was interpreted as strange and cryptic by Europeans primarily because it is a root parasite\u2014a complex floral trait that was little understood. Its unique timescale, dramatic structural change in drying, and resistance to travel made collection extremely difficult,and an inability to collect such plants informed debates on how naturalists could make classifications without seeing them\n                    <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>\n                    and what characteristics should be prioritized when ordering flowering plants. Attempts at understanding parasitism, therefore, became possible only through global comparisons to other parasitic plants in places like Sumatra, Spain, and the Mediterranean. This created anxieties around authority between the lab and the field, and amateur and professional, testing European scientific methods at the crucial moment in which natural history was fragmenting into disciplines and Linnaean taxonomy became increasingly ineffective. This article thus uses\n                    <jats:italic>Hydnora africana<\/jats:italic>\n                    as a boundary object between shifting geographies, institutions, and epistemologies, demonstrating how the parasitism debate embodied all sorts of questions related to control\u2014over people, places, the natural world\u2014but especially the limits of European knowledge systems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bewi.70032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T06:49:32Z","timestamp":1787554172000},"page":"315-334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Understanding Plant Parasitism:\n                    <i>Hydnora Africana<\/i>\n                    and European Scientific Practice in the Early Nineteenth Century**"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9055-7029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine","family":"Arnold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Histories, Languages and Cultures University of Liverpool  8\u201012 Abercromby Square Liverpool L69 7WZ UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"Der K\u00f6nigl. 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