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In Gram\u2010positive bacteria, the DNA uptake machinery shares fundamental similarities with type IV pili and type II secretion systems. Although dedicated pilus structures, such as type IV pili in Gram\u2010negative bacteria, are necessary for efficient DNA uptake, the role of similar structures in Gram\u2010positive bacteria is just beginning to emerge. Recently two essentially very different pilus structures composed of the same major pilin protein ComGC were proposed to be involved in transformation of the Gram\u2010positive bacterium\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2013 one is a long, thin, type IV pilus\u2010like fiber with DNA binding capacity and the other one is a pilus structure that was thicker, much shorter and not able to bind DNA. Here we discuss how competence induced pili, either by pilus retraction or by a transient pilus\u2010related opening in the cell wall, may mediate DNA uptake in\n                      <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201400125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,15]],"date-time":"2015-01-15T06:57:55Z","timestamp":1421305075000},"page":"426-435","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Uptake of extracellular DNA: Competence induced pili in natural transformation of\n                    <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Sandra","family":"Muschiol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory 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