{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T08:04:14Z","timestamp":1753862654456,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,17]],"date-time":"2019-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15H04409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15H04409"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioEssays"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The evolution of a female penis is an extremely rare event and is only known to have occurred in a tribe of small cave insects, Sensitibillini (Psocodea: Trogiomorpha: Prionoglarididae). The female penis, which is protrudable and inserted into the male vagina\u2010like cavity during copulation to receive semen, is thought to have evolved independently twice in this tribe, in the Brazilian <jats:italic>Neotrogla<\/jats:italic> and the African <jats:italic>Afrotrogla<\/jats:italic>. These findings strongly suggest that there are some factors unique to Sensitibillini that have facilitated female penis evolution. Here, several hypothetical factors are presented that may have enabled the evolution of the female penis in Sensitibillini. The female\u2013female competition for nutritious semen, the oligotrophic environment, and the twin insemination slots with switching valve are considered to be the driving factors for female penis evolution. Additionally, the following factors are considered responsible for relaxing the constraint against female penis evolution: preexistence of the female\u2010above mating position, the elongated duct connecting the female pre\u2010penis with the sperm storage organ, and the small male genital cavity accepting the female genital tubercle bearing the opening of this duct. Understanding the factors enabling female penis evolution may also shed light on the evolution of the male penis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201900005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,17]],"date-time":"2019-05-17T08:01:29Z","timestamp":1558080089000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Why Did a Female Penis Evolve in a Small Group of Cave Insects?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Kazunori","family":"Yoshizawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Systematic Entomology School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University Sapporo 060\u20108589 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo L.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department Federal University of Lavras CEP 37200\u2010000 Lavras (MG) Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Lienhard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geneva Natural History Museum CP 6434 1211 Geneva 6 Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshitaka","family":"Kamimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Keio University Yokohama 223\u20108521 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.part.117600"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.03.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.part.80399"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2018.0533"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0701170104"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W. 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