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These 3D tissues recapitulate many aspects of human brain development and disorders occurring in vivo. When combined with improved differentiation methods, these in vitro systems allow the generation of more complex \u201cassembloids,\u201d which are able to reveal cell diversities, microcircuits, and cell\u2013cell interactions within their 3D organization. Here, the ways in which human brain organoids have contributed to demystifying the complexities of brain development and modeling of developmental disorders is reviewed and discussed. Furthermore, challenging questions that are yet to be addressed by emerging brain organoid research are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201900011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,5]],"date-time":"2019-07-05T11:15:55Z","timestamp":1562325355000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["The Emergence of Stem Cell\u2010Based Brain Organoids: Trends and Challenges"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5907-3982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jay","family":"Gopalakrishnan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Humangenetik, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum D\u00fcsseldorf Heinrich\u2010Heine\u2010Universit\u00e4t Universit\u00e4tsstr. 1 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"},{"name":"IUF\u2010Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-4-98"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1400950303"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22330"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2016.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201593679"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12517"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3415"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.10.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3372"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2014.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22047"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0371-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.06.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.part.117702"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1401280105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.125.3248.598"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.129.3365.1743"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_20_1","first-page":"287","volume":"86","author":"Moscona A.","year":"1952","journal-title":"J. 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