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In addition to respiratory and cardiovascular disease, PM exposure is linked with increased risk of neurodegeneration as well as neurodevelopmental impairments. Critically, studies suggest that PM crosses the placenta, making direct <jats:italic>in utero<\/jats:italic> exposure a reality. Rodent models reveal that neuroinflammation, neurotransmitter imbalance and oxidative stress are triggered following gestational\/early life exposure to PM, and may be exacerbated by concomitant mitochondrial dysfunction. Gestational PM exposure (potentiated by mitochondrial impairment in the metabolically active neonatal brain) not only impacts neurodevelopment but may sensitise the brain to subsequent cognitive impairment. Having reviewed this field, we conclude that strategies are urgently required to reduce exposure to PM during this sensitive developmental period.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.202000288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]],"date-time":"2021-03-10T07:06:30Z","timestamp":1615359990000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Early life exposure to air pollution impacts neuronal and glial cell function leading to impaired neurodevelopment"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Rebecca H.","family":"Morris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences Royal Veterinary College  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena J.","family":"Counsell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging 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