{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T07:01:07Z","timestamp":1791874867157,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioEssays"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A single protein molecule with one or more cysteine residues can occupy a plurality of unique residue and <jats:styled-content>oxi<\/jats:styled-content>dation\u2010chemotype specified proteo<jats:styled-content>forms<\/jats:styled-content> that I term oxiforms. In binary reduced or oxidised terms, one molecule with three cysteines will adopt one of eight unique oxiforms. Residue\u2010defined sulfur chemistry endows specific oxiforms with distinct functionally\u2010relevant biophysical properties (e.g., steric effects). Their emergent complexity means a functionally\u2010relevant effect may only manifest when multiple cysteines are oxidised. Like how mixing colours makes new shades, combining discrete redox chemistries\u2014colours\u2014can create a kaleidoscope of oxiform hues. The sheer diversity of oxiforms co\u2010existing within the human body provides a biological basis for redox heterogeneity. Of evolutionary significance, oxiforms may enable individual cells to mount a broad spectrum of responses to the same stimulus. Their biological significance, however plausible, is speculative because protein\u2010specific oxiforms remain essentially unexplored. Excitingly, pioneering new techniques can push the field into uncharted territory by quantifying oxiforms. The oxiform concept can advance our understanding of redox\u2010regulation in health and disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.202200248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,6]],"date-time":"2023-05-06T05:00:45Z","timestamp":1683349245000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Oxiforms: Unique cysteine residue\u2010 and chemotype\u2010specified chemical combinations can produce functionally\u2010distinct proteoforms"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5505-7424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James N.","family":"Cobley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cysteine Redox Technology Group Life Science Innovation Centre University of the Highlands and Islands  Inverness Scotland UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13302"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026406"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2015.03.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.85"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580\u2010020\u20100230\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2017.04.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2016.05.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41589\u2010021\u201000739\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2023.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cr300163e"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.7b00698"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.1695"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.607"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2369"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.2576"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580\u2010018\u20100094\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg2482"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25986"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2016.09.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010021\u201003513\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","volume-title":"Free radicals in biology and medicine","author":"Gutteridge J. 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