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However, its implementation as it pertains to the microbial world has largely prioritized zoonotic diseases, antimicrobial resistance, as well as pandemic preparedness and management, narrowing its ecological scope and confining microorganisms to the realm of pathogens. We explore the historical development of OH to identify key gaps and limitations and argue for the integration of microorganisms as ecologically constitutive, critical to sustain life processes and ecosystem functioning. We provide actionable recommendations, beginning with a shift in how microorganisms are conceptualized, extending to the development of microbial metrics and culminating in proposals for microbial governance to address current shortcomings and inform future policymaking. Collectively, these measures aim to strengthen the OH framework in confronting global challenges, including biodiversity loss and climate change, while aligning with its broader commitments to health and sustainable development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.70155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T13:48:06Z","timestamp":1782740886000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Rethinking One Health: Microbial Foundations for Ecological Governance"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Fernandez Diaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Universit\u00e9 De Sherbrooke  Sherbrooke Qu\u00e9bec Canada"},{"name":"ImmunoConcept CNRS UMR 5164 Universit\u00e9 De Bordeaux  Bordeaux France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Keck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire D'anthropologie Sociale CNRS UMR 7130 \u00c9cole Des Hautes \u00c9tudes En Sciences Sociales  Paris France"},{"name":"Humans &amp; the Microbiome Program Canadian Institute for Advanced Research  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa K.","family":"Melby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Humans &amp; the Microbiome Program Canadian Institute for Advanced Research  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Delaware  Newark Delaware USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinh\u2010Kim","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geneva Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies Global Health Centre  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis\u2010Patrick","family":"Haraoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Universit\u00e9 De Sherbrooke  Sherbrooke Qu\u00e9bec Canada"},{"name":"Humans &amp; the Microbiome Program Canadian Institute for Advanced Research  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Centre De Recherche Charles\u2010Le Moyne CISSS Mont\u00e9r\u00e9gie\u2010Centre  Greenfield Park Qu\u00e9bec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/461472a"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1259855"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adh2458"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1153213"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579\u2010019\u20100222\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579\u2010020\u20100412\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1807873"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.202354011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","volume-title":"Health: an Ecosystem Approach","author":"Lebel J.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(15)60901\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10389\u2010025\u201002659\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/cabionehealth.2025.0029"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2010.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"One Health Joint Plan of Action 2022\u20132026. 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