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Here we propose that the coordinated origins of these seemingly unrelated signature traits are explained by the varied propensities of different catecholamines to oxidize and polymerize into the light absorbent and structurally stable biopolymer melanin. Compared to dopamine and its precursor DOPA (L\u20103,4\u2010dihydroxyphenylalanine), norepinephrine and epinephrine are much less susceptible to polymerization. The latter were therefore likely adaptively favored for peripheral signaling in vertebrates. In addition to the chemical evidence, we explore how peripheral nervous system development correlated with changes in gene family content, immune response organization, and internal support structure elaboration during early vertebrate evolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.70189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:37:09Z","timestamp":1790703429000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Catecholamine Chemistry Dictated the Divergence of Melanization and Signaling Processes During Animal Evolution"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Njus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Wayne State University Detroit Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Friedrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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