{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T15:50:56Z","timestamp":1789487456170,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012456","name":"National Social Science Fund of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23&ZD083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23&ZD083"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012456","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biometrical J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In observational studies, propensity score estimation is crucial for estimating the average treatment effect (ATE). However, covariate imbalance can introduce estimation bias, and including unnecessary covariates can also negatively affect the bias and statistical efficiency of propensity score estimation. To address this issue, this paper proposes an OALIPS estimation method for covariate balancing with causal variable selection. Through a two\u2010step framework of screening followed by estimation, the method first precisely identifies core covariates using a comprehensive propensity score objective function with an outcome\u2010adaptive penalty term. Subsequently, propensity score estimation is performed in a reduced\u2010dimensional space based on a covariate balancing approach, effectively avoiding the shrinkage bias problem in traditional regularized estimation. We prove the consistency of the method's variable selection, the asymptotic normality of the parameter estimates, and the consistency of the ATE estimator based on these estimates. Simulation studies show that the proposed method outperforms conventional methods, accurately identifies confounders and predictors, and remains robust under conditions of covariate imbalance and model misspecification. Subsequently, we applied this method to right heart catheterization (RHC) data, verifying its applicability in handling complex clinical data. The results indicate that, after effectively correcting for severe baseline bias, RHC significantly increases the length of hospital stay for surviving patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.70178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T14:01:42Z","timestamp":1789480902000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Estimation of Covariate Balancing Propensity Score Based on Outcome Adaptive Lasso"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics Xiamen University  Xiamen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lizhi","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics Xiamen University  Xiamen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0262.2006.00655.x","article-title":"Large Sample Properties of Matching Estimators for Average Treatment Effects","volume":"74","author":"Abadie A.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.201600094","article-title":"Propensity Scores Based Methods for Estimating Average Treatment Effect and Average Treatment Effect Among Treated: A Comparative Study","volume":"59","author":"Abdia Y.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biometrical Journal"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj149","article-title":"Variable Selection for Propensity Score Models","volume":"163","author":"Brookhart M. A.","year":"2006","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.201800132","article-title":"A Comparison of Machine Learning Algorithms and Covariate Balance Measures for Propensity Score Matching and Weighting","volume":"61","author":"Cannas M.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biometrical Journal"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03540110043030","article-title":"The Effectiveness of Right Heart Catheterization in the Initial Care of Critically III Patients","volume":"276","author":"Connors A. F.","year":"1996","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asn055","article-title":"Dealing With Limited Overlap in Estimation of Average Treatment Effects","volume":"96","author":"Crump R. K.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asr041","article-title":"Covariate Selection for the Nonparametric Estimation of an Average Treatment Effect","volume":"98","author":"De Luna X.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"474","key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1198\/016214505000001050","article-title":"Goodness\u2010of\u2010Fit Tests for Linear and Nonlinear Time Series Models","volume":"101","author":"Escanciano J. C.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s11749-013-0327-5","article-title":"An Updated Review of Goodness\u2010of\u2010Fit Tests for Regression Models","volume":"22","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez\u2010Manteiga W.","year":"2013","journal-title":"TEST"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm355","article-title":"Variable Selection Versus Shrinkage in the Control of Multiple Confounders. Response","volume":"167","author":"Greenland S.","year":"2008","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mpr025","article-title":"Entropy Balancing for Causal Effects: A Multivariate Reweighting Method to Produce Balanced Samples in Observational Studies","volume":"20","author":"Hainmueller J.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Political Analysis"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/rssb.12027","article-title":"Covariate Balancing Propensity Score","volume":"76","author":"Imai K.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","first-page":"523","article-title":"Demystifying Double Robustness: A Comparison of Alternative Strategies for Estimating a Population Mean From Incomplete Data","volume":"22","author":"Kang J. D.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Statistical Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1198\/tast.2009.0030","article-title":"On the Assessment of Monte Carlo Error in Simulation\u2010Based Statistical Analyses","volume":"63","author":"Koehler E.","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Statistician"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr364","article-title":"Effects of Adjusting for Instrumental Variables on Bias and Precision of Effect Estimates","volume":"174","author":"Myers J. A.","year":"2011","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"398","key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1987.10478441","article-title":"Model\u2010Based Direct Adjustment","volume":"82","author":"Rosenbaum P. R.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"408","key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1989.10478868","article-title":"Optimal Matching for Observational Studies","volume":"84","author":"Rosenbaum P. R.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/70.1.41","article-title":"The Central Role of the Propensity Score in Observational Studies for Causal Effects","volume":"70","author":"Rosenbaum P. R.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.1985.10479383","article-title":"Constructing a Control Group Using Multivariate Matched Sampling Methods That Incorporate the Propensity Score","volume":"39","author":"Rosenbaum P. R.","year":"1985","journal-title":"American Statistician"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asq049","article-title":"A Note on Overadjustment in Inverse Probability Weighted Estimation","volume":"97","author":"Rotnitzky A.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1002\/jae.2909","article-title":"Covariate Distribution Balance via Propensity Scores","volume":"37","author":"Sant'Anna P. H.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Econometrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181a819a1","article-title":"Overadjustment Bias and Unnecessary Adjustment in Epidemiologic Studies","volume":"20","author":"Schisterman E. F.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.12679","article-title":"Outcome\u2010Adaptive Lasso: Variable Selection for Causal Inference","volume":"73","author":"Shortreed S. M.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.201700294","article-title":"Covariate Selection Strategies for Causal Inference: Classification and Comparison","volume":"61","author":"Witte J.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biometrical Journal"}],"container-title":["Biometrical Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/bimj.70178","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/bimj.70178","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/bimj.70178","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T14:01:45Z","timestamp":1789480905000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bimj.70178"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/bimj.70178"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bimj.70178","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0323-3847","1521-4036"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0323-3847","type":"print"},{"value":"1521-4036","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-15","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70178"}}