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The nanocomposite was precisely designed to enhance structural stability, charge transfer efficiency, and catalytic activity. X\u2010ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the structural integrity of the SnO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010Ni@rGO composite, demonstrating excellent reusability and resistance to photo\u2010corrosion after multiple cycles. Photocatalytic experiments revealed that the SnO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010Ni@rGO nanocomposite significantly outperformed individual SnO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010Ni and rGO catalysts, achieving a remarkable 94.6% degradation of TC within 60\u2009min. The degradation process followed pseudo\u2010first\u2010order kinetics, with a rate constant (\n                    <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) of 0.046\u2009min\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    . The\n                    <jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010scheme charge transfer mechanism facilitated efficient separation and migration of photogenerated charge carriers, generating reactive oxygen species such as superoxide (\u2022O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and hydroxyl (\u2022OH) radicals crucial for the oxidation of TC. Radical scavenger studies confirmed that superoxide and hydroxyl radicals were the primary active species. The SnO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010Ni@rGO composite also exhibited excellent reusability, maintaining high catalytic performance over four consecutive cycles. These findings suggest that the SnO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010Ni@rGO nanocomposite is a promising candidate for the efficient and sustainable photocatalytic degradation of persistent organic pollutants like TC, offering significant potential for environmental remediation applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bio.4906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]],"date-time":"2024-09-25T07:28:12Z","timestamp":1727249292000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Visible\u2010light enhanced tetracycline degradation via SnO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    \/TiO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    \u2010Ni@rGO ternary heterostructures"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Johnrose Arul Hency","family":"Sheela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Muslim Arts College, Azhagiamandapam, Thiruvithancode, Kanyakumari District (Affliated to Manonmanium Sundaranar University, Abishekapatti, Tirunelveli \u2010 627012)  Tiruchirappalli Tamil Nadu India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaitanya Kumar","family":"Kunapalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics Marri Laxman Reddy Institute of Technology and Management  Hyderabad India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Saravanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry St. Joseph's College of Engineering  Chennai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8006-1684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kothalam","family":"Radhakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Centre for Material Chemistry Karpagam Academy of Higher Education  Coimbatore Tamil Nadu India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9453-6997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayyar","family":"Dinesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, K. Ramakrishnan College of Engineering (Autonomous) Affiliated to the Anna University, Samayapuram  Trichy Tamil Nadu India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Ahmad","family":"Wadaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, College of Science King Saud University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Praburaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals Saveetha Institute Medical and Technical Sciences  Chennai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6989-5128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. 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