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Comprehensive characterizations demonstrated that the R\u2010CDs were uniform spheres with an average diameter of 2.56\u2009nm and exhibited red fluorescence at 615\u2009nm under 555\u2010nm excitation. The R\u2010CDs could form non\u2010fluorescent ground\u2010state aggregates with Cu\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , resulting in an increase in the average particle size to 3.70 nm. The aggregation also caused a significant fluorescence quenching through a static mechanism, concomitant with a change of the R\u2010CDs solution. Consequently, a fluorescence\u2010colorimetric dual\u2010mode sensor was constructed for Cu\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    detection, with a LOD of 90\u2009nM in the fluorescence mode and 0.73\u2009\u03bcM in the colorimetric mode. Based on the distinct fluorescence response of R\u2010CDs, smartphone\u2010assisted visual detection of Cu\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    was also achieved in real samples. This approach demonstrates advantages of convenience, time efficiency, and low cost, providing a new strategy for in\u00a0situ detection of heavy metals.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bio.70467","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T10:30:46Z","timestamp":1773311446000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Red\u2010Emitting Carbon Dots as a Fluorescence and Chromogenic Dual Mode Probe for Rapid Determination and Smart Phone Imaging of Cu\n                    <sup>2+<\/sup>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Juan","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University  Wuxi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinxin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University  Wuxi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenxi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University  Wuxi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University  Wuxi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7579-885X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qijun","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical and Material Engineering Jiangnan University  Wuxi 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