{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:32:36Z","timestamp":1786977156220,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FRGS\/1\/2020\/STG02\/UM\/02\/5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2020\/STG02\/UM\/02\/5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Luminescence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Cathepsin B inhibitor II (CBI), a cysteine protease inhibitor, is an anti\u2010inflammatory and anticancer agent. It targets cathepsin B, an enzyme implicated in the development of diseases such as periodontitis, neurological disorders, and cancer progression. Understanding CBI's interaction with human serum albumin (HSA), the main blood transport protein, is essential for predicting its distribution and bioavailability. Multiple experimental and computational approaches have elucidated this interaction. Isothermal titration calorimetry revealed spontaneous, exothermic binding with moderate affinity (\n                    <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>a<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u20096.13\u2009\u00b1\u20090.10\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009M\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). Circular dichroism showed minimal changes in HSA secondary structure, while atomic force microscopy demonstrated surface aggregation, supporting complex formation. Competitive displacement assays and molecular docking suggested Sudlow's Site I (subdomain IIA) as the preferred binding site, with the lowest docking energy of \u221234.64\u2009kJ\u22c5mol\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    . The interaction was stabilized via H\u2010bonds, hydrophobic, and van der Waals forces, and the bound state of CBI and HSA was preserved during 100\u2010ns simulation. Esterase activity assays demonstrated that CBI affected HSA's esterase\u2010like function, reflected by a concurrent decrease in\n                    <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>m<\/jats:sub>\n                    and increase in\n                    <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>cat<\/jats:sub>\n                    . These findings offer detailed insights into CBI\u2013HSA interactions, enhancing understanding of its behavior in the bloodstream and guiding potential applications in human health.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bio.70576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T11:57:49Z","timestamp":1784721469000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Gaining Insights Into the Formation of the Cathepsin B Inhibitor II\u2013Human Serum Albumin Complex: A Multidisciplinary Approach"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4750-8605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad Fadhlurrahman Ahmad","family":"Hidayat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science Universiti Malaya  Kuala Lumpur 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Wan","family":"Harun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry Universiti Malaya  Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1151-3202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adyani Azizah Abd","family":"Halim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry Universiti Malaya  Kuala Lumpur 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