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Given the limitations of conventional drug therapies, including susceptibility to drug resistance, and significant toxic side effects, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) combined with the classic photosensitizer Rose Bengal in eradicating\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    tachyzoites, whilst elucidating its underlying mechanism of action. Experimental results demonstrate that Rose Bengal efficiently induces the generation of both Type I and Type II reactive oxygen species (ROS) under light exposure, exhibiting potent phototoxic killing effects against\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Further transcriptomic analysis revealed that this mechanism involves Rose Bengal disrupting metabolic and motility\u2010related signaling pathways in\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    , thereby programmatically inducing\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    cell death. Both in\u00a0vivo and in\u00a0vitro experiments confirmed that this approach effectively eradicates\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    while demonstrating favorable biosafety. This study provides experimental evidence for developing novel photodynamic therapies against\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    , expanding the application potential of photodynamic therapy in combating parasitic infections.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bio.70583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:45:45Z","timestamp":1787532345000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Photodynamic Therapy for\n                    <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>\n                    Infections Using Rose Bengal"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Wen","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biotechnology Tianjin University of Science and Technology  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4312-3428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiating","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS\u2010HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, CAS Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Science and System, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanoformulations, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Shenzhen Metabolism and Reproductive Targeted Delivery Proof\u2010of\u2010Concept Center, CAS Key Lab for Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences  Shenzhen China"},{"name":"Department of Nephrology, The People's Hospital of Baoan Shenzhen The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University  Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Life and Science Academy  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4443-1331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stem Cell &amp; Regenerative Medicine Consortium, School of Biomedical Sciences LKS Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong  Pok Fu Lam Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1676-5732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jihong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, The People's Hospital of Baoan Shenzhen The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University  Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0390-3806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pengfei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS\u2010HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, CAS Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Science and System, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanoformulations, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Shenzhen Metabolism and Reproductive Targeted Delivery Proof\u2010of\u2010Concept Center, CAS Key Lab for Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences  Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9454-2382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fufeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biotechnology Tianjin University of Science and Technology  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2858"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16412-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","article-title":"Treatment of Toxoplasmosis: Historical Perspective, Animal Models, and Current Clinical Practice","volume":"31","author":"Dunay Ildiko R.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04528-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9091960"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.2012346"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01818-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2008-9-7-r116"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2023.115885"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.4c01733"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-020-0410-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-008-0172-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1071"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c10452"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201916704"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201909706"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cr900300p"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/agt2.70267"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/agt2.70214"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-024-04174-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2026.108000"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/photob.2018.4574"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D4BM00319E"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00092-24","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii Harbors a Hypoxia\u2010Responsive Coproporphyrinogen Dehydrogenase\u2010Like Protein","volume":"9","author":"Key M.","year":"2023","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D5CC04690D"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.13202"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15091093"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2011.02042.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2020.1731830"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29020546"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","article-title":"Rose Bengal\u2010Mediated Photodynamic Therapy to Inhibit Candida albicans","volume":"181","author":"Hung J. 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