{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T05:19:58Z","timestamp":1787635198860,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009392","name":"Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PSAU\/2026\/R\/1448"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSAU\/2026\/R\/1448"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Luminescence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    A novel spectrofluorimetric method for sensitive determination of labetalol hydrochloride was developed based on photoinduced electron transfer (PET) blocking mechanism through acidification\u2010induced fluorescence enhancement. Upon acidification, the secondary amine functionality of labetalol undergoes protonation, resulting in five\u2010fold fluorescence enhancement at 415\u2010nm emission when excited at 298\u2009nm. Quantum mechanical calculations revealed the electronic structure changes underlying the PET mechanism, with protonation causing 3.17\u2010eV HOMO stabilization and decreased electron density on the secondary amine nitrogen that effectively eliminates electron transfer quenching. Subsequently, D\u2010optimal experimental design systematically optimized the PET blocking conditions. The ANOVA analysis demonstrated statistical significance of the reduced two\u2010factor interaction (2FI) model (\n                    <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010value\u2009=\u200926.25,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) with satisfactory fit statistics (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.9459), identifying 0.6\u2010M acetic acid, 5\u2010min incubation time, and water\u2013ethanol mixture as optimal conditions. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines exhibiting excellent linearity in the range of 10\u2013300\u2009ng\/mL, detection limit of 3.23\u2009ng\/mL, and precision below 1.6% RSD. Furthermore, successful applications to pharmaceutical formulations and biological samples (plasma) demonstrated recoveries ranging from 96.36% to 104.97%. The developed PET\u2010blocking approach provides an environmentally sustainable alternative for labetalol determination, eliminating toxic derivatization reagents while maintaining analytical reliability and sensitivity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bio.70599","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T08:17:43Z","timestamp":1786004263000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Green Spectrofluorometric Method for Labetalol Determination Based on Electron Transfer Inhibition With Density Functional Theory Validation and Statistical Design Optimization"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3024-8494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Humood","family":"Al Shmrany","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University  Al\u2010Kharj Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy King Khalid University  Abha Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taha","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy King Khalid University  Abha Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adil","family":"Alshehri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, College of Medicine King Khalid University  Abha Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0574-9316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed A.","family":"Almrasy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy Al\u2010Azhar University  Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"50","article-title":"Labetalol: A Brief Current Review","volume":"10","author":"Abdullah A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacophore"},{"issue":"2022","key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"225","article-title":"Guidelines of the Taiwan Society of Cardiology and the Taiwan Hypertension Society for the Management of Hypertension","volume":"38","author":"Wang T.\u2010D.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Cardiologica Sinica"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1871525713666141219114708"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2015.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-023-03523-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1982.tb01892.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.496"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-198937050-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33786\/JCPR.2018.v08i03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22297928.2016.1249516"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2019.121908"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cjoc.200591611"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","first-page":"105","article-title":"Determination of Labetalol Hydrochloride by Kinetic Spectrophotometry Using Potassium Permanganate as Oxidant","volume":"55","author":"Rahman N.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of the Mexican Chemical Society"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.59566\/IJBS.2009.5261","article-title":"Spectrophotometric Determination of Labetalol and Lercanidipine in Pure Form and in Pharmaceutical Preparations Using Ferric\u20101, 10\u2010Phenanthroline","volume":"5","author":"El\u2010Enin M. 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